2005
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7917
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A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs

Abstract: Lead concentration in whole blood (BPb) is the primary biomarker used to monitor exposure to this metallic element. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization define a BPb of 10 μg/dL (0.48 μmol/L) as the threshold of concern in young children. However, recent studies have reported the possibility of adverse health effects, including intellectual impairment in young children, at BPb levels < 10 μg/dL, suggesting that there is no safe level of exposure. It appears impo… Show more

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Cited by 654 publications
(394 citation statements)
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“…Considering the feasibility of sample collection and analysis in environmental health investigation, whole blood lead level is regarded as the most representative indicator of the current environmental and body lead contamination level (Barbosa et al, 2005;Batariova et al, 2006;Gil et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2009;Yan et al, 2013). Lead isotopes are not measurably fractionated in chemical and biological processes after geological formation, allowing lead isotope ratios (LIRs) to be used as a reliable index to trace lead contamination and pollution sources (Komárek et al, 2008;Widory et al, 2004;Zheng et al, 2004).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Considering the feasibility of sample collection and analysis in environmental health investigation, whole blood lead level is regarded as the most representative indicator of the current environmental and body lead contamination level (Barbosa et al, 2005;Batariova et al, 2006;Gil et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2009;Yan et al, 2013). Lead isotopes are not measurably fractionated in chemical and biological processes after geological formation, allowing lead isotope ratios (LIRs) to be used as a reliable index to trace lead contamination and pollution sources (Komárek et al, 2008;Widory et al, 2004;Zheng et al, 2004).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Jain et al (2007) considered both blood and bone Pb levels in the VA Normative Aging Study and found significant associations with ischemic heart disease events. However, Pb biomarker data cannot provide information on the relevant timing of the Pb exposures, as discussed extensively by Barbosa et al (2005). Given the relative paucity of important point sources of Pb throughout the United States, it appears that leaded gasoline in the past may have been the ultimate source.…”
Section: Biomarkers and Personal Exposures It Is Widely Recognizedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Blood lead levels are commonly used to measure lead exposure, but the half-life of lead in blood is in the order of weeks, 19 meaning blood lead levels represent only recent exposure.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…19 Tooth development begins prenatally ~14-16 weeks after fertilization, and the mineralisation of enamel (the outer layer of the tooth) and dentine (the inner layer of the tooth) follows a regular incremental pattern corresponding to the circadian growth rhythm. The physiological stress of birth results in the formation of a 'neonatal line', an accentuated feature that can be seen in a polished thin section of a tooth, which can be used to distinguish enamel and dentine mineralised before and after birth.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%