A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features

Juliano, Laura M.; Griffiths, Roland R.

doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x

Cited by 480 publications

(417 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…All the effects revealed using ants as biological models are in agreement with those previously observed in mammals (Arnaud, 1987;Juliano & Griffiths, 2004;Brady, Lydiard, Malcolm, & Ballenger, 1991;Lupica & Berman, 1988;Vaubourdolle, 2007 and references therein) and in bees (Chittka & Peng, 2013). Indeed, these observations are, briefly, the following ones:…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Cammaerts

Rachidi²,

Gosset³

2014

IJB

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Aiming to check if ants can be used as biological models, we studied the effects of four alkaloids on the ant Myrmica sabuleti. Caffeine and theophylline increased the ants' linear speed, decreased their precision of reaction and their food consumption, did not affect their response to pheromones, nor their audacity, largely increased their conditioning ability and their memory; ants did not become habituated to nor dependent on these alkaloids. The effects of caffeine exponentially decreased in the course of time; those of theophylline slowly decreased sigmoidally after a latency period. Cocaine decreased the ants' linear speed, their precision of reaction, their response to pheromones and their consumption of food; it increased their audacity; under its consumption, ants became unable to acquire conditioning. Ants became habituated to and dependent on such an alkaloid. The effects of cocaine rapidly vanished in the course of time. Atropine did not affect the ants' locomotion, decreased their precision of reaction and their response to pheromones because it reduced their olfactory perception; it did not affect their audacity, decreased their food consumption, increased the speed in acquiring conditioning but not the quality of the resulting conditioning; it slightly increased their memory. Ants did not become habituated to, nor dependent on this alkaloid. The effects of atropine vanished in about 20 hrs -30 hrs. These effects are in agreement with those known by physiologists, psychologists and doctors in medicine; observations made on ants even lead to more precise deductions. Consequently, ants can efficiently be used as biological models.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Cammaerts

Rachidi²,

Gosset³

2014

IJB

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“…These are the most commonly found symptoms of caffeine withdrawal reviewed by Juliano and Grifftihs (2004). In the present study both symptoms were evident after less than 24 h caffeine abstinence in the group with the highest level of caffeine consumption (H), whose average caffeine intake was 346 mg per day (equivalent to about three cups of ground coffee per day).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Rogers

Hohoff

Heatherley

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

190

141

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Caffeine, a widely consumed adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptor antagonist, is valued as a psychostimulant, but it is also anxiogenic. An association between a variant within the ADORA2A gene (rs5751876) and caffeine-induced anxiety has been reported for individuals who habitually consume little caffeine. This study investigated whether this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) might also affect habitual caffeine intake, and whether habitual intake might moderate the anxiogenic effect of caffeine. Participants were 162 non-/low (NL) and 217 medium/high (MH) caffeine consumers. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups design they rated anxiety, alertness, and headache before and after 100 mg caffeine and again after another 150 mg caffeine given 90 min later, or after placebo on both occasions. Caffeine intake was prohibited for 16 h before the first dose of caffeine/placebo. Results showed greater susceptibility to caffeine-induced anxiety, but not lower habitual caffeine intake (indeed coffee intake was higher), in the rs5751876 TT genotype group, and a reduced anxiety response in MH vs NL participants irrespective of genotype. Apart from the almost completely linked ADORA2A SNP rs3761422, no other of eight ADORA2A and seven ADORA1 SNPs studied were found to be clearly associated with effects of caffeine on anxiety, alertness, or headache. Placebo administration in MH participants decreased alertness and increased headache. Caffeine did not increase alertness in NL participants. With frequent consumption, substantial tolerance develops to the anxiogenic effect of caffeine, even in genetically susceptible individuals, but no net benefit for alertness is gained, as caffeine abstinence reduces alertness and consumption merely returns it to baseline.

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“…At the time of the PET scans, the subjects were off caffeine for at least 5 d, but duration of withdrawal might be up to 9 d (45). Saliva samples at the beginning of the study proved caffeine abstinence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A ₁ adenosine receptor availability in the human brain

Elmenhorst

Hennecke

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Adenosine and functional A 1 adenosine receptor (A 1 AR) availability are supposed to mediate sleep-wake regulation and cognitive performance. We hypothesized that cerebral A 1 AR availability after an extended wake period decreases to a well-rested state after recovery sleep. [ 18 F]CPFPX positron emission tomography was used to quantify A 1 AR availability in 15 healthy male adults after 52 h of sleep deprivation and following 14 h of recovery sleep. Data were additionally compared with A 1 AR values after 8 h of baseline sleep from an earlier dataset. Polysomnography, cognitive performance, and sleepiness were monitored. Recovery from sleep deprivation was associated with a decrease in A 1 AR availability in several brain regions, ranging from 11% (insula) to 14% (striatum). A 1 AR availabilities after recovery did not differ from baseline sleep in the control group. The degree of performance impairment, sleepiness, and homeostatic sleep-pressure response to sleep deprivation correlated negatively with the decrease in A 1 AR availability. Sleep deprivation resulted in a higher A 1 AR availability in the human brain. The increase that was observed after 52 h of wakefulness was restored to control levels during a 14-h recovery sleep episode. Individuals with a large increase in A 1 AR availability were more resilient to sleep-loss effects than those with a subtle increase. This pattern implies that differences in endogenous adenosine and A 1 AR availability might be causal for individual responses to sleep loss.S leep loss is known to impair almost every aspect of cognition, such as learning (1), long-term memory consolidation (2), attention and psychomotor vigilance (PVT) (3), and executive functions (4), including decision making (5) and emotional control (6). Sleep deprivation further typically alters the frequency distribution of the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) as an indicator of alertness corresponding to cognitive performance (7). However, large interindividual differences exist in the degree of cognitive performance decline during sleep deprivation (3). In a trait-like process, some individuals keep high-level performance during sustained wakefulness, whereas others suffer from severe performance loss (3). The neuro-molecular mechanisms in the brain responsible for these different vulnerabilities are still largely unknown. Caffeine, commonly consumed for fighting fatigue, promotes wakefulness via adenosine receptor antagonism. It seems likely that the adenosinergic system is a neurochemical link between performance and sleep (8). Adenosine is contributing to the homeostatic process of sleep-wake regulation (for review, see refs. 9-12). As has been shown in cats and rats, extracellular adenosine concentration fluctuates rhythmically in many brain regions, such as the basal forebrain, increasing during wakefulness and decreasing during sleep: it thereby induces sleep after wake extension and is in turn restored to baseline levels after recovery sleep (13). For additional information on adenosine, see...

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A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features

Abstract: The caffeine-withdrawal syndrome has been well characterized and there is sufficient empirical evidence to warrant inclusion of caffeine withdrawal as a disorder in the DSM and revision of diagnostic criteria in the ICD.

Cited by 480 publications

References 118 publications

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A ₁ adenosine receptor availability in the human brain

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A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features

Abstract: The caffeine-withdrawal syndrome has been well characterized and there is sufficient empirical evidence to warrant inclusion of caffeine withdrawal as a disorder in the DSM and revision of diagnostic criteria in the ICD.

Cited by 480 publications

References 118 publications

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Physiological and Ethological Effects of Caffeine, Theophylline, Cocaine and Atropine; Study Using the Ant Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as A Biological Model

Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A 1 adenosine receptor availability in the human brain

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Recovery sleep after extended wakefulness restores elevated A ₁ adenosine receptor availability in the human brain