A critical review of effect modeling for ecological risk assessment of plant protection products

Abstract

A wide diversity of plant protection products (PPP) is used for crop protection leading to the contamination of soil, water, and air, which can hâve ecotoxicological impacts on living organisms. It is inconceivable to study the effects of each compound on each species from each compartment, experimental studies being time consuming and cost prohibitive, and animal testing having to be avoided. Therefore, numerous models are developed to assess PPP ecotoxicological effects. Our objective was to provide an overview of the modelling approaches enabling the assessment of PPP effects (inc.luding biopesticides) on the biota. Six categories of models were inventoried: QSAR, DR and TKTD, population, multi-species, landscape, and mixture models. They were developed for various species (terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, primary producers, micro-organisms) belonging to diverse environmental compartments, and address different goals (e.g., species sensitivity or PPP bioaccumulation assessment, ecosystem ser vices protection). Among them, mechanistic models are increasingly recognized by EFSA for P P P regulatory risk assessment but, to date, remain not considered in notified guidance documents. The strengths and limits of the reviewed models are discussed together with improvement avenues (multi-generational effects, multiple biotic and abiotic stressors. ..). This review also underlines a lack of model testing by rneans of fleld data and of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Accurate and robust modelling of PPP effects and other stressors on living organisms, from their application in the ffeld to their functional consé quences on the ecosystems at different scales of time and space, would help going towards a more sustainable management of the environment. K e y w o r d s: Ecotoxicological m odels, ecological m odels, risk assessm ent, environm ent, ecotoxicity, m ulti-stressors, E u ro p ea n rég u latio n Review of models for ERA of plant protection products

Impacts des produits phytopharmaceutiques sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques

“…Il existe six grandes catégories de modèles pour évaluer les effets écotoxicologiques et écologiques des PPP (Tableau 3) : QSAR (incluant les QSPR, QSTR, QAAR et QSAAR); DR et TKTD ; Population ; Multi-espèces (SSD, Réseaux trophiques, Communauté) ; Paysage ; et Mélanges (Larras et al, 2022). Parmi ces modèles , les modèles populationnels spatialisés présentent des potentialités, soit en intégrant les caractéristiques paysagères en tant que telles (Topping et Weyman, 2018), soit en modélisant les dynamiques spatiales à partir de données individuelles.…”

Texture synthesis of ecological plant protection image based on convolution neural network

“…The issue of image realism has always been the main course in computer graphics, and is also the focus of scientific researchers ( Sardar and Tileubaeva, 2019 ; Larras et al., 2022 ). At first, people directly expressed the subtle structure of objective things through geometric models.…”

Hermetia illucens frass improves the physiological state of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its nutritional value under drought

“…Extreme natural phenomena, such as drought and heat waves, progressively affect the condition of plants as well as the crops' yield amount and quality [2,3]. In order to prevent further degradation of the environment, the use of various plant protection products and fertilizers is becoming increasingly more restricted [4], despite them strongly shaping the yields. Therefore, new, more ecofriendly methods of improving plant resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions are sought after, to positively affect both the condition of plants and of the environment [5][6][7].…”