A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves

Shen, Huizhong; Luo, Zhihan; Xiong, Rui; Liu, Xinlei; Zhang, Lu; Li, Yaojie; Du, Wei; Chen, Yuanchen; Cheng, Hefa; Shen, Guofeng; Tao, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841

Cited by 114 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Household energy is an important foundation of the lives of all people and is closely related to clean air; however, most solid fuel users lack cleaner household energy. In many rural households, traditional solid fuels are still predominant, the burning of which, in rudimentary stoves, releases large amounts of air pollutants into not only ambient but also indoor air, resulting in severe household air pollution [ 5 – 8 ]. Daily average indoor PM 2.5 concentration in households using solid fuels such as coal, crop straw, wood and animal dung can be as high as several hundred μg per m 3 , 10 times more than the guideline set to protect human health [ 9 – 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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The household energy mix has significant impacts on human health and climate, as it contributes greatly to many health- and climate-relevant air pollutants. Compared to the well-established urban energy statistical system, the rural household energy statistical system is incomplete and is often associated with high biases. Via a nationwide investigation, this study revealed high contributions to energy supply from coal and biomass fuels in the rural household energy sector, while electricity comprised ∼20%. Stacking (the use of multiple sources of energy) is significant, and the average number of energy types was 2.8 per household. Compared to 2012, the consumption of biomass and coals in 2017 decreased by 45% and 12%, respectively, while the gas consumption amount increased by 204%. Increased gas and decreased coal consumptions were mainly in cooking, while decreased biomass was in both cooking (41%) and heating (59%). The time-sharing fraction of electricity and gases (E&G) for daily cooking grew, reaching 69% in 2017, but for space heating, traditional solid fuels were still dominant, with the national average shared fraction of E&G being only 20%. The non-uniform spatial distribution and the non-linear increase in the fraction of E&G indicated challenges to achieving universal access to modern cooking energy by 2030, particularly in less-developed rural and mountainous areas. In some non-typical heating zones, the increased share of E&G for heating was significant and largely driven by income growth, but in typical heating zones, the time-sharing fraction was <5% and was not significantly increased, except in areas with policy intervention. The intervention policy not only led to dramatic increases in the clean energy fraction for heating but also accelerated the clean cooking transition. Higher income, higher education, younger age, less energy/stove stacking and smaller family size positively impacted the clean energy transition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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“…Indoor CO 2 primarily comes from human metabolism and complete combustion of carbonaceous fuels. ,− A regular diurnal pattern of indoor CO 2 concentration increasing in the evening and decreasing in the daytime (i.e., a prominence of 60 ppm denoted by the green hollow arrows in Figure A and B) highlighted the important role of human metabolism in indoor CO 2 promotion. People present indoors generate more CO 2 indoors .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Coal Combustion for Heating Exacerbates CO₂ Exposure Approaching Harmful Levels

Liu

Men

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Nearly three billion people still rely on traditional solid fuels for daily activities, which emit large amounts of many hazardous air pollutants, as well as CO2 indoors. Indoor CO2 should not be just a proxy for air exchange, as elevated CO2 exposure could pose a variety of direct risks to human health, including mental and physiological diseases. Here, we evaluated indoor CO2 levels in rural coal-use households to test the hypothesis that the incremental CO2 associated with indoor coal use may result in chronic exposure close to harmful levels. Significantly elevated daily concentrations of indoor CO2 were observed of 750 ± 230 ppm indoors in comparison with that outdoors. More than 12% of the daily data exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, with a maximum of up to 2960 ppm, at which level a variety of health risks can potentially occur. Internal sources contributed ∼280 ppm to indoor CO2 exposure during the heating period, wherein ∼50% was from coal combustion. The study sheds light on the crucial role of the widespread exposure to indoor CO2 and collaboration efforts in considering CO2 as an indoor air pollutant.

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“…Residential EFs were often measured in laboratory chambers or in simulated kitchens. − With an increasing number of field-based EFs available, it has been recognized that field-measured EFs are often different from laboratory measurements and are more applicable for emission inventory compilation. − EFs for individual pollutants can vary extensively because of differences in stove–fuel combinations. − ,,− Factors that determine EFs, such as the combustion efficiency, and operator behavior, such as ignition and fuel addition, , should be further explored. In addition to CO, SO 2 , PM, and BC, residential EFs of particulate chemical components, size segregated PMs, and volatile and intermediate volatile organic compounds are now available. − ,− ,− The use of solid fuels, especially biomass fuels, is not limited to the developing world but occurs also in the developed world. − For example, wood logs or pellets are used for space heating in Europe. − Because of the extensive variability, localized emission characterization is often important.…”

Section: Residential Energy Use and Associated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Source–receptor relationships are crucial for planning and implementing cost-effective emission mitigation. Contributions of residential emissions to ambient PM 2.5 , as well as other pollutants such as ozone have been demonstrated to be important on local to global scales based on the results of atmospheric chemistry transport or source apportionment modeling. , − Recently, reduced-form models were proposed to avoid heavy computation and to separate the impacts of emissions and meteorological conditions. − It is of interest to further compare and evaluate the advantages and limitations of these models. Residential contributions to ambient air pollution vary in space and time.…”

Section: Impacts On Ambient and Indoor Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Clean Residential Energy: Challenges and Priorities in Research

Tao

Shen

Cheng

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Solid fuels used for cooking, heating, and lighting are major emission sources of many air pollutants, specifically PM2.5 and black carbon, resulting in adverse environmental and health impacts. At the same time, the transition from using residential solid fuels toward using cleaner energy sources can result in significant health benefits. Here, we briefly review recent research progress on the emissions of air pollutants from the residential sector and the impacts of emissions on ambient and indoor air quality, population exposure, and health consequences. The major challenges and future research priorities are identified and discussed.

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A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves

Cited by 114 publications

References 182 publications

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Indoor Coal Combustion for Heating Exacerbates CO₂ Exposure Approaching Harmful Levels

Toward Clean Residential Energy: Challenges and Priorities in Research

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A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves

Cited by 114 publications

References 182 publications

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Indoor Coal Combustion for Heating Exacerbates CO2 Exposure Approaching Harmful Levels

Toward Clean Residential Energy: Challenges and Priorities in Research

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Indoor Coal Combustion for Heating Exacerbates CO₂ Exposure Approaching Harmful Levels