A critical review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity models

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to exhibit photo-induced toxicity. Hundreds to thousands of PAH parent and substituted compounds are found in the environment, and developing a predictive model applicable to a wide variety of PAHs and organisms is a necessary precursor to environmental risk assessments. There has been evolutionary progress in phototoxicity modeling since 1977. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the models developed to predict phototoxicity of PAHs is presented. The contributions of each of the models to the state of the art are discussed. The models are compared in terms of their scope of applicability to different organisms, PAHs, endpoints (median lethal time and median lethal concentration), and light conditions. The current state of the science that accounts for the key elements of phototoxicity modeling, including the differences in species sensitivity, the partitioning of PAHs into the target lipid of the organisms, and light absorption by the chemicals, as well as light exposure time and conditions, is discussed. In addition, the remaining issues that need to be addressed are explored: the effect of time-varying exposures to light and PAH concentrations, and the lack of a mechanistic understanding that can explain the failure of the Bunsen-Roscoe law of reciprocity. Environ

Development of a turn-on graphene quantum dot-based fluorescent probe for sensing of pyrene in water

“…[8][9][10] The toxicity of a number of PAH compounds can further be enhanced upon their metabolism and photooxidation into derivative compounds. 4,11 Moreover, in aquatic systems, where PAHs normally occur as mixtures, they can have increased toxicity compared to individual PAHs due to synergistic effects. 12 The low solubility of PAHs in water means that they typically occur at low concentrations in environmental samples, thus sensitive analytical techniques are required for monitoring of these compounds.…”

Iron Plaque Prevents Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Rice (Oryza sativa) Root Surface

“…The rhizosphere is the essential interface for the phytoremediation of organic contaminations in soils (Biache et al 2017). The bioavailability in soils of hydrophobic organic contaminations (HOCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been restricted with low solubility in solution (Marzooghi and Di Toro 2017). The mechanism of HOC phytoremediation includes decomposing, transporting, and fixing the contaminant molecules (Lamichhane et al 2017).…”

“…There are different methods to build cosolvent models for different HOCs. The partition coefficients of PAHs on biosorbents, such as fungal mycelium cell walls, have been accurately predicted with cosolvent models built on the basis of Bayesian linear regression (BLR) (Marzooghi and Di Toro 2017). In this case, it is important to provide precise partition coefficients through measuring them in cosolvent solutions and building suitable cosolvent models.…”

“…The reported results for partition coefficients of HOCs on roots and root cell walls are not consistent. For instance, the partition coefficients of PAHs on root materials from different sources varied by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude (Chen et al 2009; Zhang and Zhu 2009; Hung et al 2010; Marzooghi and Di Toro 2017; Luo et al 2018). Hung et al (2010) declared that the variation was attributed to heterogeneity of material, lipid residual, and variable crystallinity.…”

A highly versatile fluorenone-based macrocycle for the sensitive detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fluoride anions

“…17 A third class of anions is those that are explosive such as azide. 18 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are another class of important detection targets, with negative health and environmental effects, 19 and are formed from the incomplete combustion of petroleum. 20 Their environmental stability means that they bioaccumulate and biomagnify, 21 which is of concern due to their known and suspected teratogenicity, 22 mutagenicity 23 and carcinogenicity.…”