A critical review on low salinity waterflooding for enhanced oil recovery: Experimental studies, simulations, and field applications

Smart Water–Polymer Hybrid Flooding in Heavy Oil Sandstone Reservoirs: A Detailed Review and Guidelines for Future Applications

“…Subsequently, a series of extensive core flooding experiments and pilot tests have been conducted to validate the efficacy of the LSWF in sandstone reservoirs. These studies have provided further evidence supporting the effectiveness of LSWF in improving oil recovery. − ,− …”

“…These ions are potential-determining ions (PDIs). 22 Concentrations of these ions have a significant effect on the wettability. Due to their high ionic charges, these ions disturb the rock−oil−brine ionic balance, releasing polar compounds.…”

“…70,71 Nevertheless, many researchers observed oil recovery enhancement without fines migration. 9,20,22,37,72,73 2.1.2. Increase in pH.…”

“…5−9,17−20,22,24−27 Various studies, encompassing both experimental and simulation approaches, have indicated wettability alteration as the principal reason for increasing microscopic displacement efficiency during SWF. [7][8][9]22,24 However, due to local heterogeneity and viscosity contrast, SWF could result in poor volumetric sweep efficiency. 28,29 The growing interest in SWF has prompted investigations into potential synergies between this method and other EOR techniques, such as surfactant and alkaline flooding.…”

Critical Review on Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Potentiality in Methane Hydrate Reservoirs via CO2–CH4 Exchange: Experiments, Simulations, and Pilot Test Applications

“…This energy increase will be associated with the GHGs released into the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which accounts for ∼55% and leads to global warming effects and air pollution, as shown in Figure . The top five countries for CO 2 emissions around the world are China with 11,472 million metric tons, United States with 5,007 million metric tons, India with 2,710 million metric tons, Russia with 1,756 million metric tons, and Japan with 1,067 million metric tons by 2022. − Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is the primary method to reduce GHGs in the atmosphere to meet the Paris Climate Accords agreement to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and a maximum global temperature rise of 1.5 °C. − It involves capturing, transporting, and storing CO 2 underground or utilizing it for industrial purposes . There are many options in which CO 2 can be stored, namely, biotic, geologic, and oceanic sequestration, as discussed by ref .…”