“…These membranes facilitate the conversion of ammonium into ammonia or enhance the mass transfer of the target compound. The use of electrochemical cells such as CDI, ED, and BDI can efficiently produce nutrients or rare element-enriched streams from wastewater or seawater [ 85 , 86 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ], primarily because most of the nutrients in wastewater are present in ionic forms, and the electrochemical process separate (or intercalate) the charged ions using electrostatic (or Faradaic) reactions. For instance, a three-staged BDI system successfully produced an ammonium-enriched stream from 5 mM to 32 mM using synthetic wastewater [ 85 ].…”