A Critical Review on Optimization of Cold-Formed Steel Members for Better Structural and Thermal Performances

Liang, Hao; Roy, Krishanu; Fang, Zujie; Lim, James B.P.

doi:10.3390/buildings12010034

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, alternative materials for buildings are expected, for example, cold-formed steel (CFS), but they also must consider the sustainability aspect. CFS has been gaining popularity in the construction sector in recent years due to its superior strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of formability, when compared to hot-rolled steel (HRS) [14][15][16][17][18][19]. CFS members can be rolled into different cross-sectional shapes and optimizing these shapes can further improve their load-bearing capacities, resulting in a more economical and efficient building solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of New Zealand Residential Buildings

et al. 2022

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In New Zealand, housing is typically low density, with light timber framing being the dominant form of construction with more than 90% of the market. From 2020, as a result of the global pandemic, there was a shortage of timber in New Zealand, resulting in increased popularity for light steel framing, the main alternative to timber for housing. At the same time, the New Zealand government is committed to sustainability practises through legislation and frameworks, such as the reduction of whole-of-life carbon emissions for the building industry. New Zealand recently announced reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50% within 2030. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects associated with a product over its life cycle. Despite the popularity of LCA in the construction industry of New Zealand, prior research results seem varied. There is no unified NZ context database to perform an LCA for buildings. Therefore, in this paper, a comprehensive study using LCA was conducted to quantify and compare the quantity of carbon emissions from two commonly designed houses in the Auckland region, one built from light timber and the other from light steel, both designed for a lifespan of 90 years. The cradle-to-cradle system boundary was used for the LCA. From the results of this study, it was found that the light steel house had 12.3% more carbon in total (including embodied and operational carbons) when compared to the light timber house, of which the manufacturing of two houses had a difference of 50.4% in terms of carbon emissions. However, when the end-of-life (EOL) analysis was included, it was found that the extra carbon could be offset due to the steel’s recyclability, reducing the amount of embodied carbon in the manufacturing process. Therefore, there was no significant difference in carbon emissions between the light steel and the light timber building, with the difference being only 12.3%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of New Zealand Residential Buildings

et al. 2022

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“…Steel has a near 100% recycle rate, and it has never been downcycled in the same manner that other building materials have been [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. For example, when the wood is chopped, the fibres shorten, whereas recycling steel keeps all of its qualities on a molecular level, offering greater robustness [49]. Steel constructions also require less maintenance because they are not affected by moisture or biological activity [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Climate Change Potential of Residential Steel Buildings in New Zealand and Their Alignment in Meeting the 2050 Paris Agreement Targets

Liang

Roy

et al. 2022

Buildings

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This research undertakes a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to determine the climate change potential of a typical newly built steel detached dwelling in Palmerston North, New Zealand (NZ) and assesses its results concerning the 2 °C and 1.5 °C 2050 Paris Agreement targets. The proposed, upcoming policy and actions of the NZ government relating to its residential building and construction sector, which are set with an overarching aim to allow NZ to progress towards meeting the 2050 Paris Agreement targets, are also discussed in this paper. The results of the LCA demonstrate that the projected stock of steel-framed detached houses significantly exceeds the calculated climate budget and eventual 2050 Paris Agreement targets. For both the 2 °C and 1.5 °C scenarios, the magnitude of exceedance of the climate budget is 5.2 and 7.3 times more than the acceptable limit, correspondingly. These findings suggest that the sector will need to undergo a significant transition in order to fulfil the 2050 Paris Agreement targets. In the meanwhile, the sector’s upcoming policies and regulations must be achievable while progressing toward achieving net-zero carbon emissions.

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“…Several studies analysed the strength of this material [23][24][25][26][27][28] and its ability under certain conditions (e.g., high temperature) [29][30][31][32][33], as well as proposed the design rules and assessment method of the steel product [34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, despite its good performance and the large market for steel materials in the country, the environmental impact of the steel industry cannot be negligible and needs to be considered [40,41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Sustainability of Steel Roofs: Life Cycle Assessment of a Case Study Roof

et al. 2022

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In New Zealand (NZ), steel roofing is the most common roofing type for residential buildings. However, the environmental impact of steel roofs are not negligible. Steel roofs account for up to 30% of the upfront embodied carbon for a typical NZ house, highlighting the importance of investigating and reducing the environmental impacts of steel roofs in meeting the net-zero carbon goal of the NZ government. There are several research gaps in investigating the impacts of steel roofs, such as the variation in emissions between local and imported steel coil products, the unavailability of life cycle assessment (LCA) data, and additional impacts from ancillary items. Therefore, this study performed an LCA of a case study roof in NZ to investigate these gaps using GaBi Ts software. It was found that the overall impacts from the steel roofs, including the ancillary items, were 12 kg CO2-eq/m2, where the ancillary items accounted for less than 10% of total emissions. The prepainted steel coils manufactured globally had less than 70% emissions when compared to the emissions of locally manufactured prepainted steel coils. In addition, the roll forming processes had an insignificant effect on overall emissions, whereas the transportation of steel coils had a notable impact.

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A Critical Review on Optimization of Cold-Formed Steel Members for Better Structural and Thermal Performances

Cited by 45 publications

References 159 publications

A Comparative Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of New Zealand Residential Buildings

A Comparative Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of New Zealand Residential Buildings

Analyzing the Climate Change Potential of Residential Steel Buildings in New Zealand and Their Alignment in Meeting the 2050 Paris Agreement Targets

Improving Sustainability of Steel Roofs: Life Cycle Assessment of a Case Study Roof

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