The iron-histidine stretching mode in deoxyhemoglobin displays a large change in frequency and width upon lowering the temperature from 300 to 10 K. The temperature dependence ofthe data indicates the presence of dynamic processes. The dynamics of this mode in frozen hemoglobins can be qualitatively and quantitatively described as a vibrational dephasing via anharmonic coupling to other vibrations of the heme-imidazole system. The effects that occur at the melting transition in the low frequency modes cannot be quantitatively addressed at this point but may be indicative of the introduction of additional degrees of freedom predicated on protein influences that reflect differences in protein quaternary structure.Large amplitude motions of atoms and groups of atoms have recently been detected in proteins by crystallographic (1, 2) and spectroscopic (3-5) techniques. Although in some instances the functional importance of these motions has not yet been assessed, in others the importance is clear. For example, the heme binding sites in hemoglobin and myoglobin are only accessible because molecular motions occur that modulate the size of the narrow entry channel and thus allow the penetration of small ligands (6). These motions involve both transitions between local minima in the potential energy surface (conformational substates) and thermal population of excited levels. A picture emerges of fluid-like proteins in which molecular groups rotate about single bonds, hydrogen bonds break and reform, and new Van der Waals interactions occur continuously.There have been few reports in which dynamic processes in biomolecules have been probed by Raman scattering (7-10) although its potential for such studies is widely recognized because the Raman frequencies associated with bonds that connect molecular groupings are sensitive to structural dynamics. Resonance Raman scattering studies of dynamic processes in heme proteins are especially promising. The technique can be a sensititive probe of the properties of the active sites where the existence of structural dynamics could have direct functional importance.We report here a resonance Raman investigation of hemoglobin in which we have detected a temperature-dependent variation in the width and position of the mode assigned as the iron-histidine (Fe-His) stretching motion. We interpret these results as evidence for structural dynamics involving fluctuations in the Fe-His bond energy due to anharmonic coupling between modes.METHODS AND MATERIALS Raman scattering data from solutions above and just below freezing were obtained with previously described Raman difference instrumentation (11). Samples were placed in glass or fused silica rotating cells and the scattered light was gathered with 900 collecting optics. For the low temperature studies (< -500C), the rotating liquid cell was removed and liquid samples were placed on the cold finger of a Heli-Tran Cryostat (Air Products and Chemicals, Allentown, PA) where they were frozen either by direct insertion into liquid nit...