“…While researchers have found the VBN framework to be empirically predictive of personal norms and resulting behaviours (Cordano, Welcomer, Scherer, Pradenas, & Parada, 2011;de Groot & Steg, 2010;Steg, Dreijerink, & Abrahamse, 2005;Stern, Deitz, Abel, Guagnano, & Kalof, 1999), VBN is not as widely cited in the literature as other frameworks; thus, this study contributes to the literature by further testing this framework. Additionally, the use of VBN to test behaviours that may be unreasoned, automatic, unplanned or habitual is a new use of this framework.…”