A cross-scale framework for evaluating flexibility values of battery and fuel cell electric vehicles

Abstract

Flexibility has become increasingly important considering the intermittency of variable renewable energy in low-carbon energy systems. Electrified transportation exhibits great potential to provide flexibility. This article analyzed and compared the flexibility values of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles for planning and operating interdependent electricity and hydrogen supply chains while considering battery degradation costs. A cross-scale framework involving both macro-level and micro-level models was proposed to compute the profits of flexible EV refueling/charging with battery degradation considered. Here we show that the flexibility reduction after considering battery degradation is quantified by at least 4.7% of the minimum system cost and enlarged under fast charging and low-temperature scenarios. Our findings imply that energy policies and relevant management technologies are crucial to shaping the comparative flexibility advantage of the two transportation electrification pathways. The proposed cross-scale methodology has broad implications for the assessment of emerging energy technologies with complex dynamics.

Pt/CB-Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydrogenation Using in situ-Generated Hydrogen by Microwave Mediated Dehydrogenation of Methylcyclohexane under Continuous-Flow Conditions

“…Hydrogen gas (H₂) is one of the most important and sustainable clean energy alternatives to fossil fuels because after the combustion of H₂, only H₂O is produced instead of greenhouse gases [1][2][3]. Owing to its usefulness and sustainability, H₂ is widely used as an energy source in fuel cells and holds promise for various applications as a carbon-free energy source [4][5][6][7][8]. H₂ also serves as a vital reducing agent in organic synthesis [9 and 10].…”

Pt/CB-Catalyzed Chemoselective Hydrogenation Using In Situ-Generated Hydrogen by Microwave-Mediated Dehydrogenation of Methylcyclohexane under Continuous-Flow Conditions

“…Hydrogen gas (H 2 ) is one of the most important and sustainable clean energy alternatives to fossil fuels because, after the combustion of H 2 , only H 2 O is produced instead of gases with high global warming potential such as CO 2 [1][2][3]. Owing to its usefulness and sustainability, H 2 is widely used as an energy source in fuel cells and holds promise for various applications as a carbon-free energy source [4][5][6][7][8]. H 2 also serves as a vital reducing agent in organic synthesis [9,10].…”