A cross-sectional study on the development of foot arch function of 2715 Chinese children

Leung, Aaron Kam-Lun; Cheng, Jack C. Y.; Mak, Arthur F. T.

doi:10.1080/03093640500199695

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Leung et al studied the development of foot arch function measured by the contact force ratio (CFR) of Chinese children from ages four to 18 [34]. The results showed that the CFRs were similar at four and five, which agrees with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Three-dimensional measurement of foot arch in preschool children

et al. 2012

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BackgroundThe prevalence of flexible flatfoot is high among preschool-aged children, but the effects of treatment are inconclusive due to the unclear definitions of normal flatfoot. To date, a universally accepted evaluation method of the foot arch in children has not been completely established. Our aims of this study were to establish a new method to evaluate the foot arch from a three dimensional perspective and to investigate the flexibility of the foot arch among children aged from two to six.MethodsA total of 44 children aged from two to six years of age were put into five age groups in this study. The navicular height was measured with one leg standing, and both feet were scanned separately in both sitting and one leg standing positions to compute the foot arch volume. The arch volume index, which represents the ratio of the difference in volume between sitting and one leg standing positions to the volume when sitting was calculated to demonstrate the flexibility of the foot arch. The differences of measured parameters between each aged group were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.ResultsThe arch volumes when sitting and standing were highly correlated with the navicular height. The navicular height ranged from 15.75 to 27 mm, the arch volume when sitting ranged from 6,223 to 11,630 mm3, and the arch volume when standing from 3,111 to 7,848 mm3 from two to six years of age. The arch volume index showed a declining trend as age increased.ConclusionThis study is the first to describe the foot arch with volume perspective in preschool-aged children. The foot arch volume was highly correlated with the navicular height. Research results show both navicular height index and arch volume index gradually increase with age from two to six. At the same time the arch also becomes rigid with age from two to six. These results could be applied for clinical evaluation of the foot arch and post-treatment evaluation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Three-dimensional measurement of foot arch in preschool children

et al. 2012

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“…Utilizing the 2009 PRISMA guidelines , we systematically reviewed studies to investigate the relation between pes planus and obesity in children ages 3–18 years. Foot maturity, specifically medial longitudinal arch development, occurs between 2 and 6 years of age and is considered to be complete by 6 years of age . The age range of 3–18 years includes both the developing and mature paediatric foot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pes planus and paediatric obesity: a systematic review of the literature

et al. 2015

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Children with obesity report musculoskeletal pain more than normal weight children; this may be linked with literature suggesting children with obesity have higher prevalence of pes planus (flatfoot). To further elucidate whether this relation occurs, we conducted a systematic literature review on the co-occurrence of pes planus and pediatric obesity. Empirical articles published through September 2013 were obtained through an electronic search of MEDLINE and SportDiscus; included articles examined the association between bodyweight and pes planus in children. Thirteen cross-sectional studies of varied designs were identified. Methods used to diagnose pes planus varied between studies: imaging modalities, anthropometric measurements, and clinical examination. Across all studies, pes planus prevalence among children with obesity ranged widely from 14 to 67%. Nearly all studies indicated increasing pes planus in children with increasing weight. No studies evaluated pain/complications related to pes planus. Our review suggests increased prevalence of pes planus among children with obesity or increasing weight status. Due to differing methodologies, lack of consensus regarding the pes planus definition, the dearth of investigation into pain/complications, and the few existing studies, more research is needed to determine a relation between children’s body weight, pes planus, and associated effects on pain and function.

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“…Flatfeet are generally characteristic of toddlers when they first start to walk. On growing, the foot develops normal morphology in 90-96% of cases [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] because, as the child grows, the subcutaneous, plantar fat pad is lost, physiological ligament flexibility is reduced and, above all, there is an increase in the activity of muscles involved in maintaining the medial arch and the varus of the foot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitative treatment in flexible flatfoot: a perspective cohort study

Riccio

Gimigliano

et al. 2009

Musculoskelet Surg

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Paediatric valgus flexible flatfoot is a common childhood paramorphism. Its treatment options consist of rehabilitation, corrective footwear and, if necessary, surgical intervention. The aim of our study was to compare a group of children who followed a rehabilitative programme versus a historical group of children who had been treated with insoles and orthopaedic footwear. Over a 2 year period (1995-1997), 300 children (mean age was 3.4-184 male, 116 female) with bilateral flexible flatfoot (600 feet) were recruited and underwent a rehabilitative programme for a mean period of 2.75 years. The feet were classified according to Viladot's method: 386 feet presented a type III degree deformity and 214 feet presented a type II degree deformity. The rehabilitative programme consisted of simple therapeutic exercises, which could be easily learnt by both patients and their caregivers. These children were compared to a historical group of children (674 feet) who had been treated in our department for infantile flexible flatfoot with the use of orthosis. In these groups, 396 feet presented a type III degree deformity and 278 feet presented a type II degree deformity. In the group of children who underwent the rehabilitative protocol, during follow-up at the age of eight, 352 of the 386 type III degree feet could be classified as normal and 210 of the 214 type II degree cases became normal. In the historical cohort of children treated with orthosis, at the age of eight, 214 of the 396 type III degree feet could be classified as normal; and 248 of the 278 type II degree cases became normal. Our results show that comparing the percentage of success (changing from type III or II degree to type I or N) in the two groups (children treated with rehabilitation and children treated with orthosis), the rehabilitative approach seems to be more effective. Probably it has a marginal influence on the natural history of paediatric valgus flexible flatfoot even though it plays a role in maintaining good flexibility of the flatfoot thus limiting functional impairment.

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A cross-sectional study on the development of foot arch function of 2715 Chinese children

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Three-dimensional measurement of foot arch in preschool children

Three-dimensional measurement of foot arch in preschool children

Pes planus and paediatric obesity: a systematic review of the literature

Rehabilitative treatment in flexible flatfoot: a perspective cohort study

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