A Cross Validation of the Porter Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire for Educators

Abstract

The Porter N,eeds Satisfaction Questionnaire (PNSQ) was developed to assess the level of need deficiencies perceived by workers in five need categories: security, social, esteem, autonomy, and self-actualization. This study was concerned with the construct validity and reliability of the PNSQ for educators (n = 1,954). Construct validity was examined by using principal components analysis with oblique rotation. Cronbach coefficient alpha reliability estimates were computed for the derived factors. Results do not support the use of the PNSQ as suggested by Porter. Suggestions for the revision and alternate use of the PNSQ are presented. THE Porter Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire (PNSQ) was developed by Porter (1961) to assess the degree to which workers' needs are satisfied. The conceptual base for-the PNSQ is found in the hierarchical and expectancy models of motivation. The hierarchical theory holds that a worker's needs are arranged in priority order. As lower level needs are satisfied, the next higher order need takes precedence. The expectancy model of motivation is incorporated into the PNSQ, as respondents rate their job satisfaction contingent upon the extent to which rewards actually received (the NOW scale) meet or exceed their perceived equitable level of rewards (the SHOULD BE scale). The greater the discrepancy between present rewards and expectations, the greater the need deficiency. The needs addressed are classified into five need categories: security, social interaction, esteem, autonomy, and self-actualization. AICopyright 0 1985 Educational and Psychological hleasurement 683 at FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIV on July 13, 2015 epm.sagepub.com Downloaded from