A crude extract of Loxostylus alata is as effective in treating aspergillosis in poultry as a commercial drug

Eloff, J.N.; Suleiman, Marharyta M.; Naidoo, V.

doi:10.1055/s-0030-1264703

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This supports the conclusion of Lewis and Ausubel (2006) that plants contain many compounds with low antimicrobial activity and use other mechanisms to combat microbial growth [25]. In some of our previous work, it has been found that crude extracts and fractions have excellent potential activity in treating microbial infections and may even have as good or higher activity than commercially used antimicrobials in the field or clinical trials [26,27]. This could be justified by the fact that, constituents in plant extract or fractions interacting in a synergistic manner may not be highly active when they are not part of a mixture with synergistic compounds.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from Eriosema robustum (Fabaceae)

Awouafack

McGaw

Gottfried

et al. 2013

BMC Complement Altern Med

106

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and the cytotoxicity of the ethanol crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds from the twigs of Eriosema robustum, a plant used for the treatment of coughs and skin diseases.MethodsColumn chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to isolate and identify eight compounds, robusflavones A (1) and B (2), orostachyscerebroside A (3), stigmasterol (4), 1-O-heptatriacontanoyl glycerol (5), eicosanoic acid (6), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of sitosterol (7) and 6-prenylpinocembrin (8), from E. robustum. A two-fold serial microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against fungi and bacteria, and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity.ResultsFraction B had significant antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptoccocus neoformans (MIC 0.08 mg/ml), whilst the crude extract and fraction A had moderate activity against A. fumigatus and Candida albicans (MIC 0.16 mg/ml). Fraction A however had excellent activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 0.02 mg/ml), Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli (MIC 0.04 mg/ml). The crude extract had significant activity against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. coli. Fraction B had good activity against E. faecalis and E. coli (MIC 0.08 mg/ml). All the isolated compounds had a relatively weak antimicrobial activity. An MIC of 65 μg/ml was obtained with robusflavones A (1) and B (2) against C. albicans and A. fumigatus, orostachyscerebroside A (3) against A. fumigatus, and robusflavone B (2) against C. neoformans. Compound 8 had the best activity against bacteria (average MIC 55 μg/ml). The 3 fractions and isolated compounds had LC50 values between 13.20 to > 100 μg/ml against Vero cells yielding selectivity indices between 0.01 and 1.58.ConclusionThe isolated compounds generally had a much lower activity than expected based on the activity of the fractions from which they were isolated. This may be the result of synergism between different compounds in the complex extracts or fractions. The results support the traditional use of E. robustum to treat infections. The crude extract had a good activity and low preparation cost, and may be useful in topical applications to combat microbial infections.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from Eriosema robustum (Fabaceae)

Awouafack

McGaw

Gottfried

et al. 2013

BMC Complement Altern Med

106

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“…The potential use of plant extracts in organic animal production instead of a commercial drug is not a pipe dream. Our group have shown that a Loxostylus alata extract was as effective as fluconazole in treating poultry infected with Aspergillus fumigatus [28,29]. C. anisata and C. glabrum extracts had a lower cellular toxicity than the Loxostylus alata extract and may deliver an even more useful product that could also be important in treating human patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some southern African plant species used to treat helminth infections in ethnoveterinary medicine have excellent antifungal activities

Adamu

Naidoo

Eloff

2012

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundDiseases caused by microorganisms and parasites remain a major challenge globally and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa to man and livestock. Resistance to available antimicrobials and the high cost or unavailability of antimicrobials complicates matters. Many rural people use plants to treat these infections. Because some anthelmintics e.g. benzimidazoles also have good antifungal activity we examined the antifungal activity of extracts of 13 plant species used in southern Africa to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in livestock and in man.MethodsAntifungal activity of acetone leaf extracts was determined by serial microdilution with tetrazolium violet as growth indicator against Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. These pathogens play an important role in opportunistic infections of immune compromised patients. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT cellular assay. Therapeutic indices were calculated and selectivity for different pathogens determined. We proposed a method to calculate the relation between microbicidal and microbistatic activities. Total activities for different plant species were calculated.ResultsOn the whole, all 13 extracts had good antifungal activities with MIC values as low as 0.02 mg/mL for extracts of Clausena anisata against Aspergillus fumigatus and 0.04 mg/mL for extracts of Zanthoxylum capense, Clerodendrum glabrum, and Milletia grandis, against A. fumigatus. Clausena anisata extracts had the lowest cytotoxicity (LC50) of 0.17 mg/mL, a reasonable therapeutic index (2.65) against A. fumigatus. It also had selective activity against A. fumigatus, an overall fungicidal activity of 98% and a total activity of 3395 mL/g against A. fumigatus. This means that 1 g of acetone leaf extract can be diluted to 3.4 litres and it would still inhibit the growth. Clerodendrum glabrum, Zanthoxylum capense and Milletia grandis extracts also yielded promising results.ConclusionsSome plant extracts used for treatment of parasitic infections also have good antifungal activity. Because it is much easier to isolate antifungal compounds by bioassay guided fractionation, this approach may facilitate the isolation of anthelmintic compounds from active plant extracts. The viability of this approach can be tested by isolating the antifungal compounds and then determining its anthelmintic activity. Some of these plant extracts may also be useful in combating fungal infections.

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“…2) in the ESI-MS spectrum. The a-and bconfigurations of the OH group at C(11) and of the Me group at C (19), respectively, were confirmed by the 3 J(H,H) couplings (J ¼ 7.1, 3.4 and J ¼ 10.9) of the axial H-atoms HÀC (11) and HÀC(19) [9]. The ESI mass spectrum of 1 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The isolated compounds did not show appreciable activity against the tested pathogens. Our group has found that, in some cases, crude extract or fractions have an excellent potential for treating microbial infections, and may even have as good or higher activity than commercially used antimicrobials in field [18] or clinical [19] trials. Major or minor constituents in the plant extract interacting in a synergistic manner may not be highly active, when they are not part of a mixture with synergistic compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clerodendrumic Acid, a New Triterpenoid from Clerodendrum glabrum (Verbenaceae), and Antimicrobial Activities of Fractions and Constituents

Masevhe

Awouafack

Ahmed

et al. 2013

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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One new triterpenoid, (3β,11α,19β)‐3‐(butanoyloxy)‐11‐hydroxytaraxast‐20(30)‐ene‐23,28‐dioic acid (clerodendrumic acid; 1) was isolated from the hexane extract of the leaves of Clerodendrum glabrum var. glabrum along with heptadecanoic acid (2). The structure of the new compound was elucidated by interpretation of its NMR (1D and 2D), MS, and IR data. Combined fractions C and D from the column chromatography of the hexane extract exhibited significant antifungal activities (average MIC of 0.10 mg/ml) against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. C. albicans was relatively resistant to clerodendrumic acid (1; MIC 125 μg/ml) and was resistant to heptadecanoic acid (2; MIC 188 μg/ml). Both compounds had low antibacterial activities against two Gram‐positive and two Gram‐negative bacteria with average MIC values of 157 and 172 μg/ml, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 were relatively nontoxic against monkey kidney Vero cells in vitro with IC50 values of 202.6 and 108.4 μg/ml, respectively.

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A crude extract of Loxostylus alata is as effective in treating aspergillosis in poultry as a commercial drug

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from Eriosema robustum (Fabaceae)

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of the ethanol extract, fractions and eight compounds isolated from Eriosema robustum (Fabaceae)

Some southern African plant species used to treat helminth infections in ethnoveterinary medicine have excellent antifungal activities

Clerodendrumic Acid, a New Triterpenoid from Clerodendrum glabrum (Verbenaceae), and Antimicrobial Activities of Fractions and Constituents

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