A Current Overview of Plant Biotechnology

Abstract

Hunger is defined as “the inability to reach the sufficient amount of food necessary for people to survive”, and the need for food is increasing day by day. Food that forms the basis of human nutrition, and agriculture, from the past to the present, threaten food security and agricultural practices with many problems such as excessive population growth released as a result of activities in today and negatively changing climate, environmental conditions and other compelling factors. The continuation of the current situation makes us think that the emerging/starting to emerge threat will increase and cause much bigger problems in the future. Considering today's developments, it is an undeniable fact that biotechnological methods, especially molecular techniques, provide advantages in increasing agricultural production. From this point of view, agricultural and plant biotechnology are a multidisciplinary field that can accelerate the developments in agriculture in line with the developments in the world and solve the problems in a short time by growing different perspectives by making use of different disciplinary areas. The aim of current biotechnological developments in this framework is to increase the yield of product by removing the restrictions of products (abiotic - biotic stress, diseases, economic factors, etc.). Also, an interdisciplinary process operates in this field, where the notion of sustainability gains importance. Sustainable agriculture is based on agricultural production practices and the efficient use of natural resources for the foodstuffs produced. In agricultural terms, it is of great importance that this notion is compatible with plant biotechnology. For this purpose, it is known that various technologies, starting from classical biotechnology under the name of biotechnology to modern biotechnological methods and increasing in complexity as time passes, are used in agriculture in different ways depending on the development status of countries in science and technology. In addition to all these, although biotechnological approaches have enormous potential to contribute to the world's food security, they have also brought several concerns that genetically modified crops pose a threat. Within the scope of this review, approaches have been made about biotechnology for plants, historical perspective from old to new, modern techniques of biotechnology, gene technologies, new food production technologies and food safety

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“…In the developing world, the population is constantly increasing and the need for food and food products is also increasing (Demirel et al, 2022). As the global population increases, the demand for food and the desire and efforts to achieve high yields in agricultural production has accelerated (Beacham et al, 2019).…”

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“…The foundation of the essential food supply necessary for human life and existence is formed by food nutrition. Agriculture, which has been ongoing from the past until today, is the primary source of food [2], and plants constitute more than 80% of humanity's primary food sources. Furthermore, plants are indirectly related to human nutrition as they serve as the main food source for livestock [3].…”