A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

Shannon, Lynne J.; Waller, Lauren J.

doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.645023

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…There are potential co‐benefits of lower demand of FMFO especially to natural ecosystems, fisheries and human nutrition. Forage fishes provide ecological support services to predatory fishes, thereby playing a vital role in marine ecosystems and the fisheries (catch and economic value) that depend on these species and rely on forage fishes as prey (Pikitch et al, 2014; Shannon & Waller, 2021). In addition, forage fishes contribute substantially to food security as they are used for human consumption specifically in developing countries across Africa, the Caribbean, Oceania and Latin America (Alder et al, 2008; Thilsted et al, 2014; Vianna et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting global mariculture production and adaptation pathways under climate change

Oyinlola

Reygondeau

Wabnitz

et al. 2021

Global Change Biology

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The sustainability of global seafood supply to meet increasing demand is facing several challenges, including increasing consumption levels due to a growing human population, fisheries resources over‐exploitation and climate change. Whilst growth in seafood production from capture fisheries is limited, global mariculture production is expanding. However, climate change poses risks to the potential seafood production from mariculture. Here, we apply a global mariculture production model that accounts for changing ocean conditions, suitable marine area for farming, fishmeal and fish oil production, farmed species dietary demand, farmed fish price and global seafood demand to project mariculture production under two climate and socio‐economic scenarios. We include 85 farmed marine fish and mollusc species, representing about 70% of all mariculture production in 2015. Results show positive global mariculture production changes by the mid and end of the 21st century relative to the 2000s under the SSP1‐2.6 scenario with an increase of 17%±5 and 33%±6, respectively. However, under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario, an increase of 8%±5 is projected, with production peaking by mid‐century and declining by 16%±5 towards the end of the 21st century. More than 25% of mariculture‐producing nations are projected to lose 40%–90% of their current mariculture production potential under SSP5‐8.5 by mid‐century. Projected impacts are mainly due to the direct ocean warming effects on farmed species and suitable marine areas, and the indirect impacts of changing availability of forage fishes supplies to produce aquafeed. Fishmeal replacement with alternative protein can lower climate impacts on a subset of finfish production. However, such adaptation measures do not apply to regions dominated by non‐feed‐based farming (i.e. molluscs) and regions losing substantial marine areas suitable for mariculture. Our study highlights the importance of strong mitigation efforts and the need for different climate adaptation options tailored to the diversity of mariculture systems, to support climate‐resilient mariculture development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting global mariculture production and adaptation pathways under climate change

Oyinlola

Reygondeau

Wabnitz

et al. 2021

Global Change Biology

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“…This will further increase the demand for fish production by means of aquaculture. A worrying aspect of this is that 70% of farmed finfish rely on artificial feeding (UN 2016, chapter 12), much of which is currently dependent on fishmeal and oil derived from small pelagic reduction fisheries in EBUSs (Shannon & Waller 2021). Thus, climate-ready fisheries management will be even more important in the EBUSs if the global demand for fish as both food and feed continues to increase.…”

Section: Implications For Ecosystem Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change Impacts on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems

Bograd

Jacox

Hazen

et al. 2023

Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.

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The world's eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) contribute disproportionately to global ocean productivity and provide critical ecosystem services to human society. The impact of climate change on EBUSs and the ecosystems they support is thus a subject of considerable interest. Here, we review hypotheses of climate-driven change in the physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology of EBUSs; describe observed changes over recent decades; and present projected changes over the twenty-first century. Similarities in historical and projected change among EBUSs include a trend toward upwelling intensification in poleward regions, mitigatedwarming in near-coastal regions where upwelling intensifies, and enhanced water-column stratification and a shoaling mixed layer. However, there remains significant uncertainty in how EBUSs will evolve with climate change, particularly in how the sometimes competing changes in upwelling intensity, source-water chemistry, and stratification will affect productivity and ecosystem structure. We summarize the commonalities and differences in historical and projected change in EBUSs and conclude with an assessment of key remaining uncertainties and questions. Future studies will need to address these questions to better understand, project, and adapt to climate-driven changes in EBUSs.

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“…Using wild-caught fish to create feed for farmed fish is criticised on sustainability grounds (Naylor & Burke 2005, Deutsch et al 2007, Shannon & Waller 2021. Considerable improvements in feed-delivery technology and greater incorporation of alternative nutritional sources (e.g.…”

Section: Case 2: Feeds With Reduced Wild Fish Content May Benefit Wil...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognising trade-offs between welfare and environmental outcomes in aquaculture will enable good decisions

Macaulay

Barrett

Dempster

2022

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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As aquaculture expands, ensuring the sustainability of practices requires a focus on minimising environmental effects. At the same time, where fish are cultured, their welfare needs to be secured to ensure compliance with legislation and gain social acceptance of farming practices. However, clear conflicts exist between protecting the environment and protecting welfare where either environmental or welfare outcomes are traded off against each other. We document 5 cases in aquaculture where environmental sustainability and welfare principles are antagonistic. If knowledge or management of environmental sustainability or welfare is weak in a specific setting, the best outcome may not be achieved. We contend that identifying conflicts between desired environmental and welfare outcomes as early as possible will allow for knowledge-based consideration of trade-offs using the best available evidence. Further, where different departments of regulators are responsible for different outcomes, targeted collaboration focused on identifying conflicts should reduce instances of unconscious trade-offs. Reducing conflicts between the 2 goals of good welfare and environmental protection should promote both ecologically and ethically sustainable aquaculture.

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A Cursory Look at the Fishmeal/Oil Industry From an Ecosystem Perspective

Cited by 24 publications

References 45 publications

Projecting global mariculture production and adaptation pathways under climate change

Projecting global mariculture production and adaptation pathways under climate change

Climate Change Impacts on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems

Recognising trade-offs between welfare and environmental outcomes in aquaculture will enable good decisions

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