A cutaneous Anthrax outbreak in Koraput District of Odisha-India 2015

Nayak, Priyakanta; Sodha, Samir V.; Laserson, Kayla F.; Padhi, Arun Kumar; Swain, Basanta Kumar; Hossain, Shaikh Shah; Shrivastava, Aakash; Khasnobis, Pradeep; Venkatesh, Srinivas; Patnaik, Bikash; Dash, K. C.

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6787-0

Cited by 33 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Human infection is often associated with eating the meat of infected animals [20,21], and as a result of coming into contact with infected animals or contaminated animal materials during agricultural activities, including the butchering of livestock or industrial exposures through the processing of hair and bone [5,[20][21][22][23][24]. One of the drivers that may contribute to the persistence of anthrax is human behavior [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study

Romha

Girmay

2020

BMC Infect Dis

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Background Anthrax is the second most highly prioritized zoonotic disease in Ethiopia due to its negative impact at the household level, causing disease and production losses in livestock and severe disease in humans. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of, attitudes towards, and practices addressing (KAPs) anthrax in the communities of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted concurrently with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between May 2019 and April 2020. A total of 862 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey. Of these, 800 were local community members while 62 were professionals working at health service institutions. In addition, qualitative data were collected using six FGDs and 11 KIIs. Results Sixty-two percent (496/800) of the community respondents said that they were aware of anthrax while 38% (304/800) of them did not. Only 9.3% (74/800) of the respondents reported that the causative agent of anthrax is germs/microbial. About 56.5% (35/62) of professional respondents said that it is bacterial. More than 60% (64.1%, 513/800) of the respondents did not know that whether the disease was zoonotic or not. Regarding clinical signs, 26.3 (210/800) and 36.8% (294/800) of the respondents could identify at least one in animals and humans, respectively, while 21.3 (170/800) and 20.1% (161/800) knew one or more transmission routes in animals and humans, respectively. Moreover, 43.4% (347/800) and 45.6% (365/800) of the respondents mentioned one or more control/prevention method(s) in animals and humans, respectively. Regarding qualitative results, some of the participants knew the disease (in animals) by their local names: Lalish and Tafia (splenomegaly), and Gulbus (abdominal cramps and shivering). Some reported that anthrax was exclusively a human disease while others recognized its zoonotic potential after the clinical signs in both animals and humans were listed. Conclusion The KAP of the participants regarding anthrax was low. There was no consistent understanding of the disease among the participants. The study also revealed that the participants did not receive consistent, adequate, and continuous education regarding the disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study

Romha

Girmay

2020

BMC Infect Dis

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“…This study will be carried out in the Koraput District (which has a population of 1.37 million residents across 2028 villages) reporting the highest number of human anthrax cases in Odisha state [ 18 , 19 ]. Within the district, it will be executed in all geographically divided 14 administrative blocks, which comprise 240 village administrative bodies or ‘gram panchayats’; this includes many tribal villages based in hilly areas [ Fig 1 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha: Study protocol

et al. 2021

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Background Anthrax is a major but neglected zoonotic disease of public health concern in India with Odisha contributing a major share to the disease burden. Bacillus anthracis spores can be found naturally in soil and commonly affect both animals and humans around the world. Domestic and wild animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer can become infected when they inhale or ingest spores from contaminated soil, plants, or water. Anthrax can be fatal if patients are not treated promptly with antibiotics. This protocol aims to describe the implementation and evaluation of the ‘One Health’ intervention model based on the principles of Theory of Change (ToC) to eliminate human anthrax from a tribal district in Odisha, India. Methods This study would test the effectiveness of a complex public health intervention package developed using the ToC framework for the elimination of human anthrax in Koraput district by a comparative analysis of baseline and end-line data. We plan to enroll 2640 adults across 14 geographically divided blocks in Koraput district of Odisha for baseline and end-line surveys. After baseline, we would provide capacity building training to stakeholders from the department of health, veterinary, forest, academic and allied health institutions followed by workshops on sensitization and awareness through IEC (Information Education Communication)/BCC (Behavior Change Communication) activities in the community. We would establish a state-level laboratory facility as a robust system for timely diagnosis and management of human anthrax cases. Surveillance network will be strengthened to track the cases in early stage and risk zoning will be done for focused surveillance in endemic areas. Advocacy with district level administration will be done for maximizing the coverage of livestock vaccination in the entire district. Interdepartmental coordination would be established for the effective implementation of the intervention package. Conclusion This would be a first study applying One Health concept for the elimination of human anthrax in India. The findings from this study will offer important insights for policy-making and further replication in other endemic regions of the state and country. Trial registration The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2020/05/025325] on 22 May 2020.

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“…Although the true incidence of anthrax globally is not known due to poor diagnosis and reporting, the disease has been reported from all continents, especially in agricultural communities with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils [ 1 , 10 ]. In Africa, anthrax remains a major problem except in South Africa where it continues to be at a low sporadic incidence probably as a result of the livestock owners taking the central role of control [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions and Practices towards Anthrax in Selected Agricultural Communities in Arua District, Uganda

Kungu

Nsamba

Wejuli

et al. 2020

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Background. Anthrax is globally recognized as an important public health and economic challenge in many agricultural communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three subcounties in Arua district to assess the community’s awareness, cultural norm, and practices regarding anthrax. This followed a report of active cases of human cutaneous anthrax in the district. Methods. The study was conducted in subcounties of Pawor, Rigbo, and Rhino Camp, Arua district, using focus group discussion. Results. The affected communities had limited knowledge about anthrax, especially its clinical manifestation and modes of transmission both in humans and animals. The community also had no knowledge of the anthrax vaccine or treatment and where they can be accessed from. Poor practices associated with anthrax outbreaks included poor disposal of carcasses and ruminal wastes, occupational hazards (butchers, slaughter men, and herdsmen), consumption of meat from infected animals, communal herding, and cultural norms encouraging consumption of dead animals. Conclusion. This study shows that there is a knowledge gap about anthrax among the people in the affected communities. Key drivers for the anthrax outbreak such as poor cultural beliefs and practices and wildlife-livestock-human interactions were observed in all the three subcounties studied. All these findings could imply a high risk of outbreak of anthrax in Arua and Ugandan agricultural communities where the public health programs are less standardized and less effective.

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A cutaneous Anthrax outbreak in Koraput District of Odisha-India 2015

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study

One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha: Study protocol

Perceptions and Practices towards Anthrax in Selected Agricultural Communities in Arua District, Uganda

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