A Cyclodextrin-Based Controlled Release System in the Simulation of In Vitro Small Intestine

Abstract

A novel cyclodextrin (CD)-based controlled release system was developed in the small intestine to control the rate of drug release, on the premise of enteric-coated tablets. The system was designed based on the enzymes exogenous β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (β-CGTase) and endogenous maltase-glucoamylase (MG), wherein MG is secreted in the small intestine and substituted by a congenerous amyloglucosidase (AG). The vanillin-/curcumin-β-CD complexes were prepared and detected by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and host CD degradation was measured based on the glucose yield. The combination of β-CGTase and AG was also functional in the CD complex system. The variations in the concentrations of added β-CGTase, with AG constantly in excess, could effectively alter the rate of host CD degradation and guest release by monitoring glucose production and color disappearance, thus, demonstrating that guest release in the CD complex system could be precisely controlled by changing the amount of β-CGTase used. Thus, the in vitro simulation of the system indicated that a novel controlled release system, based on endogenous MG, could be established in the small intestine. The CD-based controlled release system can be potentially applied in drug delivery and absorption in the small intestine.

Assessment of host–guest molecular encapsulation of eugenol using β-cyclodextrin

“…Generally, the comparative analysis of the physical mixture with the inclusion complex ( Figure 4 ) presents the simple sum of the β-cyclodextrin and ligand bands ( Zheng et al, 2020 ). A similar result was observed in the spectra.…”

“…Several experimental studies have reported the formation of inclusion complexes of eugenol with encapsulating agents, such as β-cyclodextrin, to reduce the undesirable effects (localized irritation of the skin and allergic contact dermatitis), increase its aqueous solubility, and prolong its biological activity ( Yang and Song, 2005 ; Abarca et al, 2016 ; Gong et al, 2016 ; Kfoury et al, 2018 ; de Freitas et al, 2021 ). β-cyclodextrin (cyclohepta-amylose) is a cyclic oligosaccharide formed by D-glucose monomers which are produced by the enzymatic degradation of starch ( Szejtli, 1998 ; Wüpper et al, 2021 ), and it is particularly interesting for the encapsulation of volatile compounds, thus representing a viable and efficient strategy to retain and modulate the release of volatile and hydrophobic compounds ( Abarca et al, 2016 ; Kfoury et al, 2018 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ). Cyclodextrin inclusion complexation is widely used in food, cosmetics, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries to increase the stability of several volatile organic compounds due to its hydrophobic cavities and hydrophilic exterior ( Loftsson and Brewster, 1996 ; Szejtli, 1998 ; Muthu Vijayan Enoch and Swaminathan, 2004 ; Enoch and Swaminathan, 2005 ; Xu et al, 2021 ), which creates a physical barrier between the nucleus and the shell materials ( Anaya-Castro et al, 2017 ).…”

Conversion of raltegravir carrying a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring to a hydrolysis product upon pH changes decreases its antiviral activity

“…However, RAL should preferably not be administered after meals when the intragastric pH is low. Improved dosage forms such as controlled-release tablets or a combination with drug carriers such as CDs should be considered ( 45 , 46 ).…”