A Cylindrical, Open‐Top Chamber for the Exposure of Plants to Air Pollutants in the Field

Mandl, Richard H.; Weinstein, Leonard H.; McCune, D.C.; Keveny, Monica

doi:10.2134/jeq1973.00472425000200030016x

Cited by 108 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…(fax j1(541)754 4605 ; e-mail : JAL6!cornell.edu). air pollution concentrations (Heagle et al, 1973 ;Mandl et al, 1973). The original chambers have been improved (Kats et al, 1976 ;Kohut et al, 1977 ;Heagle et al, 1989 ;Mandl et al, 1989) and, currently, open-top chambers are considered the best technology for controlling air pollution in field experiments (Peterson & Mickler, 1994).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

Yun

Laurence

1999

New Phytologist

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Ozone (O $ )-sensitive and tolerant clones of aspen (Populus tremuloides) were exposed to O $ at 1n0, 1n7 and 3n0 times the concentration in ambient air at Ithaca, NY, USA (i1n0, i1n7 and i3n0) for 3 months. Visible foliar injury occurred within a few days of the initiation of treatments and developed continuously in i1n7 and i3n0 treatments. Leaf senescence began earlier in trees exposed to greater-than-ambient treatments. Gas-exchange variables were measured five times over the growing season. Net photosynthesis was progressively decreased and finally reduced by 40 and 70% on tolerant and sensitive clones, respectively, but stomatal conductance was not affected by the O $ treatments. As stomatal conductance (g s ) values did not differ in the two types of aspen, we conclude that this is not the defense mechanism to O $ in aspen. At the end of the season, dry weight was reduced by up to 55 and 35% in sensitive and tolerant clones, respectively. Ozone effects were significant and linear on foliar injury, biomass and growth variables such as height, diameter of stem and total leaf area. The levels of two antioxidants, ascorbic acid and glutathione, were investigated to determine if a clonal difference occurred. Concentrations of the free-radical scavengers did not differ in the clones, nor did they seem to be induced by O $ . A cumulative O $ index, SUM06 (the sum of the total µl l −" of exposure when the O $ concentration exceeded 0n06 µl l −" ), was highly correlated with most foliar injury variables and gas-exchange variables except g s in higher O $ treatments. The reduction of carbon gain due to O $ is discussed with regard to foliar damage and biomass decrease.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

Yun

Laurence

1999

New Phytologist

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“…Six cylindrical open-top chambers (OTCs), as previously described (Heagle, Body & Heck 1973;Mandl et al 1973), with a diameter of 3 m and a height of 2-4 m were constructed in pairs for the three different ozone treatments (permanently set up at the Research Centre at Seihersdorf, 35 km south-east of Vienna). These were: (i) charcoal-filtered air (cf^); (ii) non-filtered ambient air (aa); (iii) ambient air with 50 mm' m" ozone added (ao^).…”

Section: Plants and Ozone Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of ambient and elevated ozone concentrations on photosynthesis in Populus nigra

Reichenauer

Bolhàr‐Nordenkampf

Ehrlich

et al. 1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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Light‐saturated net leaf photosynthesis (Asat), CO2 response curves (A/Ci), current photochemical capacity (Fv/Fm) and pigment contents were measured in leaves of Populus nigra (Clone T107) which had been exposed to ozone stress in open‐top chambers for the entire growth period. Surprisingly, not only elevated (ao+, i.e. ambient air + 50 mm3 m−3 ozone) but also ambient (aa) ozone concentrations led to a reduction in Asat, in comparison with leaves exposed to air containing almost no ozone (cf−, i.e. charcoal filtered ambient air). The very small change in leaf conductance (g1) indicated that the decrease in Asat was not due to stomatal limitation. This finding was supported by the fact that, a decrease in carboxylation efficiency (CE) correlated with a loss in Asat. In comparison to cf− leaves, aa leaves showed no change in current photochemical capacity (Fv/Fm) throughout the whole experiment. However, a marked decline in Fv/Fm in ao+ leaves was observed at a time when Asat and CE were already decreased by about 45% and 60% respectively. As the chlorophyll b content of leaves is known to correlate with the amount of LHC and PSII centres, it was used to normalize fluorescence parameters in relation to PSII centres present. The normalized values for Fm and F0 increased with the dosage of ozone in ao+ leaves but not in aa leaves, indicating a change of the pigment content of PSII in the former, but not in the latter. These data led to the conclusion that ozone interacts primarily with components of the Calvin cycle, which results in a decrease in Asat, with subsequent feedback on the current photochemical capacity of PSII centres.

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“…and fir (Abies alba Mill. ), both 10 years old, were exposed for 2 years in open top chambers either to charcoal-filtered air or different air pollutants under controlled environmental conditions (9,14). Trees …”

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Effect of SO₂ and O₃ on Production of Antioxidants in Conifers

Mehlhorn¹,

Seufert²,

Schmidt³

et al. 1986

Plant Physiol.

128

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Production of antioxidants was investigated in needles of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) after exposure to low concentrations of So2, 03, and a combination of both pollutants. Glutathione reacted most sensitively to pollutants followed by vitamin E and vitamin C. In spruce needles, the overall increase of antioxidants after exposure to air pollutants was lower than in needles of fir. SO2 was more potent than 03. Maximum increase of antioxidants was found in needles after exposure of trees to SO2 + 03.Oxidation of both proteins and lipids is among the major phytotoxic consequences of 03 and SO2 action (1, I1, 13). Oxidative degradation of lipids can be easily detected by decomposition products, such as ethane and malonaldehyde (17). Although ethane is a sensitive indicator, a significant increase in gas production is generally associated with visual injury of plants (4). This limits the specific use of ethane as an early indicator of oxidative stress in plants. Antioxidants, such as the vitamins C and E or glutathione, determine the extent of oxidative degradation of cell components (4,17,18 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIn spruce, we found a 3-fold higher glutathione level in the filtered air-treated control needles of the youngest shoot than in control needles of fir (Fig. 1). After long-term exposure to different air pollutants, needles neither had visual injury nor elevated lipid oxidation, measured as ethane production. Treatment of fir and spruce with SO2 gave a higher increase of antioxidants in needles than treatment with 03 or charcoal-filtered air. Further, exposure to the pollutants alone significantly increased (P < 0.01) the glutathione content in fir needles compared to filtered air-treated needles. A combination of both gases gave maximum response and significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) the level of vitamin E and glutathione in needles of both fir and spruce compared to the antioxidant levels in needles either to 03 alone or to filtered air. Needles of fir had a 1.9-fold and 3-fold higher content ofvitamin E and glutathione, respectively, after exposure to S02 + 03 than needles exposed to filtered air. In comparison, needles of spruce had only a 1.3-fold higher content of both antioxidants after treatment with S02 + 03 than needles treated with filtered air.The increase of antioxidant levels above the filtered air-treated control was higher in 2-year-old spruce needles, exposed to air pollutants for 2 years, than in the youngest needles, exposed to pollutants for one vegetation period (Fig. 2). In general, the level ofantioxidants above the control was higher after treatment with SO2 or S02 + 03 than after treatment with 03 alone. Increase of glutathione was the most sensitive reaction to air pollutant treatment. No significant increase (P > 0.05) was found for vitamin C after exposure of 1-year-old needles to different pollutants. However, in 2-year-old needles the amount of all antioxidants tested was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after exposure to S02 + 03 than to 03...

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A Cylindrical, Open‐Top Chamber for the Exposure of Plants to Air Pollutants in the Field

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

The influence of ambient and elevated ozone concentrations on photosynthesis in Populus nigra

Effect of SO₂ and O₃ on Production of Antioxidants in Conifers

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A Cylindrical, Open‐Top Chamber for the Exposure of Plants to Air Pollutants in the Field

Cited by 108 publications

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The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in sensitivity to ozone in the field

The influence of ambient and elevated ozone concentrations on photosynthesis in Populus nigra

Effect of SO2 and O3 on Production of Antioxidants in Conifers

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Effect of SO₂ and O₃ on Production of Antioxidants in Conifers