A Cytosol-Localized Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase from <i>Lithospermum erythrorhizon</i> and Its Molecular Evolution

Ueoka, Hayato; Sasaki, Kenji; Miyawaki, Tatsuya; Ichino, Takuji; Tatsumi, Kanade; Suzuki, Shiro; Yamamoto, Haruhiko; Sakurai, Nozomu; Suzuki, Hideyuki; Shibata, Daisuke; Yazaki, Kazufumi

doi:10.1104/pp.19.00999

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…To compare the expression of PDS mRNA detected by qRT-PCR in leaves and plants, its level was normalized to that of an internal standard, actin 7 ( LeACT7 ) mRNA (Fig. 2 C), which is ubiquitously expressed in these plants 10 . PDS mRNA expression was lower in infected than in escape or mock plants, with the differences in PDS mRNA expression at L2–L8 being significantly lower in infected than in escape (p = 4.08 × 10 –11 ) or mock infected (p = 6.89 × 10 –15 ) plants, with no difference between escape and mock infected plants (p = 0.53).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LePDS1 and LePDS2 transcripts were quantified by BioRad real-time PCR system (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) using the primer pairs 5′-GCCCTCGAGCCTGATGAACTTTC-3′ and 5′-CCGGGATCCCGAACTTCACCACC-3′ and LeACT7 transcripts were quantified using the primers 5′-TTTTGACTGAGGCACCCC-3′ and 5′-TGACAGGAACTCCCACTAGCT-3′. LePDS1 and LePDS2 mRNAs were normalized relative to the levels of LeACT7 mRNA in the same samples 10 . For amplicon sequencing, LePDS1 and LePDS2 cDNAs were PCR amplified using the primers 5′-GTGTACCAGATCGAGTTAC-3′ and 5′-TGACAGGAACTCCCACTAGCT-3′, attached to adaptors and with four nucleotide tag sequences at their 5′ ends.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shikonin derivatives in L. erythrorhizon were extracted and analyzed quantitatively as described 10 . The extract was analyzed by HPLC as previously reported, with several modifications 29 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shikonin is a meroterpene synthesized via two independent biosynthetic pathways, a common phenylpropanoid pathway and an isopreniod pathway 5 . Although several enzymes and genes involved in the initial steps of shikonin biosynthesis have been identified to date [6][7][8][9][10] , genes and proteins involved in later steps have not yet been identified, especially those involved in the crucial steps required to form the naphthalene ring.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Izuishi

Isaka

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a medicinal plant that produces shikonin, a red lipophilic naphthoquinone derivative that accumulates exclusively in roots. the biosynthetic steps required to complete the naphthalene ring of shikonin and its mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Multiple omics studies identified several candidate genes involved in shikonin production. The functions of these genes can be evaluated using virus-induced gene silencing (ViGS) systems, which have been shown advantageous in introducing iRnA genes into non-model plants. this study describes the development of a ViGS system using an apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector and a target gene, phytoene desaturase (LePDS1). Virus particles packaged in Nicotiana benthamiana were inoculated into L. erythrorhizon seedlings, yielding new leaves with albino phenotype but without disease symptoms. the levels of LePDS1 mRNAs were significantly lower in the albino plants than in mock control or escape plants. Virus-derived mRnA was detected in infected plants but not in escape and mock plants. Quantitative pcR and deep sequencing analysis indicated that transcription of another hypothetical PDS gene (LePDS2) also decreased in the defective leaves. Virus infection, however, had no effect on shikonin production. These results suggest that virus-based genetic transformation and the ViGS system silence target genes in soil-grown L. erythrorhizon. Abbreviations qRT-PCR Quantitative reverse-transcriptase mediated polymerase chain reaction VIGS Virus-induced gene silencing PDS Phytoene desaturase ALSV Apple latent spherical virus ACT Actin UTR Untranslated region CMV Cucumber mosaic virus Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Boraginaceaeous medicinal plant that produces a unique red naphthoquinone, shikonin, which accumulates exclusively in its roots. The dried roots have been used as a crude drug in Asian countries, with shikonin derivatives being major active pharmaceutical components of these herbal medicines. Shikonin and its stereo-isomer alkannin have been reported to have various biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antitumor, anti-angiogenic 1 , and anti-topoisomerase 2 activities. These compounds have also been found to enhance granulation and glucose uptake 3 and to reduce adiposity 4. These natural pigments are also used as dyes, especially for cloth, and to have other commercial uses. Although

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Izuishi

Isaka

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…floral volatiles; Dudareva et al , 2013 ). With recent progress in understanding plant 1,4-naphthoquinone distribution, metabolism, and function, it is becoming evident that the ability to synthesize these compounds has independently evolved several times and was facilitated by extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and/or metabolic links to respiratory and photosynthetic quinone metabolism ( McCoy et al , 2018 ; Auber et al , 2020 ; Ueoka et al , 2020 ). In this review, we highlight advances in understanding specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone biosynthesis, trafficking, and resistance strategies with emphasis on how these discoveries have shed light on the convergent evolution and diversification of this class of compounds in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent evolution of plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones: metabolism, trafficking, and resistance to their allelopathic effects

Meyer

Naranjo

Widhalm

2020

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Plant 1,4-naphthoquinones encompass a class of specialized metabolites known to mediate numerous plant–biotic interactions. This class of compounds also presents a remarkable case of convergent evolution. The 1,4-naphthoquinones are synthesized by species belonging to nearly 20 disparate orders spread throughout vascular plants, and their production occurs via one of four known biochemically distinct pathways. Recent developments from large-scale biology and genetic studies corroborate the existence of multiple pathways to synthesize plant 1,4-naphthoquinones and indicate that extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and links to respiratory and photosynthetic quinone metabolism probably contributed to their independent evolution. Moreover, because many 1,4-naphthoquinones are excreted into the rhizosphere and they are highly reactive in biological systems, plants that synthesize these compounds also needed to independently evolve strategies to deploy them and to resist their effects. In this review, we highlight new progress made in understanding specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone biosynthesis and trafficking with a focus on how these discoveries have shed light on the convergent evolution and diversification of this class of compounds in plants. We also discuss how emerging themes in metabolism-based herbicide resistance may provide clues to mechanisms plants employ to tolerate allelopathic 1,4-naphthoquinones.

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Different Plant Parts Induce Variances in the Production of Fennel Essential Oil

Khalid

2024

Flavour & Fragrance J

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Essential oil from fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is a useful source of natural raw materials due to its biological characteristics; therefore, it is used in the pharmaceutical and food preservation sectors. Plant parts have a major impact on the physiology, metabolism, synthesis and variability of essential oils. The aim of this investigation was to describe the essential oil composition of fennel, which was produced from leaves, umbels, verdant fruits and ripe fruits. It is clear that the highest levels of essential oil output (1.79% or 1.21 g plant−1) were produced by ripe fruits, afterwards, verdant fruits (0.79% or 0.30 g plant−1), then leaves or umbels (0.24% or 0.10 g plant−1). The principal constituents of fennel essential oil that were extracted from different portions were estragole (118.80–964.81 mg 100 g−1), limonene (128.02–681.99 mg 100 g−1), fenchone (8.16–30.43 mg 100 g−1) and γ‐terpinene (18.00–34.01 mg 100 g−1); while the majority belonged to the class of oxygenated monoterpenes (130.56–1016.72 mg 100 g−1). Essential oil obtained from ripe fruits resulted in the greatest values of major components and major chemical class. This study indicated that differences in fennel essential oil were caused by the subordination of fennel plants to plant parts, and hence, its biological activities were impacted.

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A Cytosol-Localized Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase from Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Its Molecular Evolution

Abstract: A unique cytosol-localized geranyl diphosphate synthase supporting a large production of shikonin has evolved from farnesyl diphosphate synthase in Lithospermum erythrorhizon.

Cited by 38 publications

References 60 publications

Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Convergent evolution of plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones: metabolism, trafficking, and resistance to their allelopathic effects

Different Plant Parts Induce Variances in the Production of Fennel Essential Oil

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