A Daily Diary Study on Sleep Quality and Procrastination at Work: The Moderating Role of Trait Self-Control

Abstract

Background: This daily diary study investigates the relation between sleep quality during the night and its effect on procrastination at work during the next workday. Previous research has shown that sleep quality is an important variable for work behavior at the daily level, including employee performance, safety, health, and attitudes, such as work engagement. Also, sleep quality has been found to be negatively related to next-day work procrastination. However, these studies did not address trait differences that may be involved. In other words, they have not investigated whether all employees experience the effects of sleep quality on procrastination similarly. We explore the moderating effect of trait self-control.Methods: Seventy one full-time employees (51% male) working in various industries participated, including finance or banking (17%), government or education (13%), construction (7%), health care (7%), sales or marketing (6%), and others. Average age was 35.20 years (SD = 12.74), and average employment tenure was 13.3 years (SD = 13.16). Participants completed a one-shot general electronic questionnaire (to assess trait self-control, using a four-item scale adapted from Tangney et al., 2004). Subsequently, these employees received two daily electronic questionnaires to assess sleep quality (measured with one item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989), and a three-item scale of procrastination (adapted from Tuckman, 1991) over the course of 10 workdays, resulting in 465 pairs of matched morning-afternoon measurements (65% response).Results: Results of multilevel regression analyses showed that sleep quality was negatively related to work procrastination the next day. Sleep quality, however, also interacted with trait self-control in impacting work procrastination, such that low sleep quality affected employees low in trait self-control, but not employees high in trait self-control.Conclusion: The findings of this study qualify earlier research showing the relation between procrastination and sleep quality. We show that the relation is only present for those who have low trait self-control; employees with high trait self-control tend to be immune to low sleep quality. Thus, general advice or interventions to improve sleep quality may be restricted to a selection of employees that are truly affected.

Do procrastinators get worse sleep? Cross-sectional study of US adolescents and young adults

“…While this study, guided by the Procrastination-Health Model, postulated that procrastination might be a determinant of poor sleep. Some prior studies have, on the other hand, argued that the causal direction could be the opposite (van Eerde & Venus, 2018). Namely, sleep deprivation results in depleted self-control resources, which make the affected individuals more likely to procrastinate (Kühnel, Bledow, & Feuerhahn, 2016).…”

Academic Self-Efficacy and Postgraduate Procrastination: A Moderated Mediation Model

“…Thus, self-control as a volitional factor may have an inhibitory effect on procrastination behavior. Numerous studies showed that self-control negatively predicted procrastination ( Kuhnel et al, 2018 ; Przepiorka et al, 2019 ), and trait self-control interacted with sleep quality in impacting next-day work procrastination ( van Eerde and Venus, 2018 ). Studies have also confirmed that academic self-control negatively predicts academic procrastination ( Ariely and Wertenbroch, 2002 ).…”

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“…Further studies should employ more timely measures of sleep quality; for example, ecological momentary assessment, which is characterized by repeated measurements of how participants feel in real situations. Researchers could assess sleep quality on a daily basis by using a “sleep diary” approach, so that each morning the person rates his/her sleep quality on the night before ( Eerde and Venus, 2018 ). Second, the cross-sectional data were collected and correlation analyses were conducted, which means we cannot make causal inferences.…”