A daily physical activity and diet intervention for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Urbanisation, a sedentary lifestyle and increasing obesity due to westernization and changed eating habits have been identified as independent risk factors for diabetes in the South African population. To establish the effectiveness of a daily walk and diet education intervention program. A randomized controlled trial was performed. The study population consisted of men and women of all races, ages 40 to 65 with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) of duration at least one year attending the Steve Biko Diabetes Outpatient clinic. Patients of all weights were considered. Patients who had an HbA1c > 8 – 9.5% were included in the sample group.Four weekly group classes consisted of education considered essential for ongoing nutrition self-management and physical activity. Yamax pedometers and walk prescriptions based on the average number of steps walked in three days were used. The participants had a follow-up assessment at 16 weeks and one year. The intervention and control groups were compared with respect to changes from baseline, using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline values as covariates.The difference between the intervention and control groups in the change in HbA1c from the baseline was significant at the 16-week follow-up assessment (p=0.041) and in the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol at the one-year follow-up assessment (p =0.047; p =0.014). These results suggest that HbA1c can be improved over a period of four months. More frequent contact with the patients is necessary.

Self-management interventions for chronic disease: a systematic scoping review

“…The two theories that were used most frequently to explain the intervention were social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory, which are closely linked. The Health Belief Model, [14][15][16] the Trans Theoretical Model of Behaviour Change, [16][17][18] Social Learning Theory, 15,19 Social Ecological Theory, 20,21 Goals System Theory, 20 Rationale Emotive Theory, 22 and the Skilled Helper Model 23 were also listed as supporting the underlying self-management intervention. There were two diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic pain, where only 25% of the studies reviewed had a theoretical underpinning for their self-management intervention.…”

The effects of diabetes self‐management interventions on physiological outcomes in people living with diabetes in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Among the included studies, five covered all components of DSM, [28][29][30][31][32] and two covered diet therapy, physical activity, medication and avoiding complications. 27,33 One study covered physical activity and dietary intake topics in education, 34 and another covered nutritional therapy education. 35 Six studies were delivered using a group approach 27,29,[32][33][34][35] while three were delivered individually.…”

“…27,33 One study covered physical activity and dietary intake topics in education, 34 and another covered nutritional therapy education. 35 Six studies were delivered using a group approach 27,29,[32][33][34][35] while three were delivered individually. 28,30,31 The intervention period ranged from 3 months to 2 years.…”

“…28,30 A weekly SMS was sent to remind the participants to undergo testing for blood glucose, and the readings were recorded 30 ; both telephone calls 31 and SMS were sent to remind participants to attend the intervention session. 29,34 The length of the interventions ranged from 3 to 26.5 h for the face-to-face interventions, whereas 84-377 SMS were sent for the message interventions. The interventions were delivered by health professionals in seven studies, whereas trained health promoters and peer educators provided the education in two studies.…”

Effects of aerobic exercise on selected physiological parameters and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Between-group comparison did not yield any significant differences in any of the parameters following the 8-week exercise program. In contrast, some previous studies have shown significant improvement in HbA 1c , total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides in patients with type 2 diabetes who engaged in structured physical activities compared with controls, 6 , 10 – 12 thereby lending credence to the general belief that aerobic exercise is beneficial in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes. The inconsistencies in these studies could be attributed to varying factors ranging from differences in study design to socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors.…”