“…While some MHs operate on binary domains without a binary scheme, studies have demonstrated that continuous MHs supported by a binary scheme perform exceptionally well on multiple NP-hard combinatorial problems [ 1 ]. Examples of such MHs include the binary bat algorithm [ 28 , 29 ], particle swarm optimization [ 30 ], binary sine cosine algorithm [ 2 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], binary salp swarm algorithm [ 34 , 35 ], binary grey wolf optimizer [ 32 , 36 , 37 ], binary dragonfly algorithm [ 38 , 39 ], the binary whale optimization algorithm [ 2 , 32 , 40 ], and the binary magnetic optimization algorithm [ 41 ].…”