“…C LASS imbalance with disproportionate number of class instances commonly affects the quality of learning algorithms. Multifarious imbalanced data problems exist in numerous real-world applications, such as fault diagnosis [1], recommendation systems, fraud detection [2], risk management [3], tool condition monitoring [4], [5], [6] and medical diagnosis [7], brain computer interface (BCI) [8], [9], data visualization [10], etc. As a result of the equal misclassification costs or balanced class distribution assumption, the traditional learning algorithms are prone to the majority class when dealing with complicated classification problems that have skewed class distribution.…”