“…In addition, most of these studies in China relied on small-scale questionnaires or online surveys (e.g., Chen et al, 2020 ; Duan et al, 2020 ; Cao et al, 2022 ), lacking the support of large-scale micro-data. Therefore, unlike these previous studies, we use a large micro-database, the Database of Youth Health (DYH), which consisted of a multi-wave survey conducted annually in the academic year 2015/2016, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2020/2021, and contained nearly 100,000 sampled students from 186 middle schools in 17 cities of Shandong Province, China ( Zhang et al, 2022 ). This database is conducted by Shandong University and National Population Health Data Center in China, and contains a large number of variables on students’ mental health, basic information, and socio-economic status, providing the feasibility of our study ( Yi et al, 2019 ; Dong et al, 2020 , 2021 ).…”