A Deadly Path: Bacterial Spread During Bubonic Plague

González, Rodrigo; Miller, Virginia L

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.01.010

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Acidification is suggested to optimize the phagosomelysosome fusion event (28,49). In the case that bacteria are phagocytized by macrophages, they usually replicate and are able to evade intracellular digestion and exit quickly to continue an extracellular infectious cycle in the mammalian host within 24 h postinfection (26,50,51). Residence of Y. pestis within macrophages is therefore short-lived, whereas amoebae may serve as a refuge for Y. pestis in the environment, and prolonged exposure to an acidified phagosomal compartment may not favor prolonged intracellular survival of Y. pestis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess if Y. pestis strains that have been phagocytized could survive and replicate intracellularly in FLA trophozoites over time, intracellular bacteria were processed as described above after incubation of the coculture for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 120 h after the initial 1-h treatment with gentamicin. Five days (120 h) was defined as a "prolonged period," given that the typical time frame for the Y. pestis intracellular life stage in macrophages is suggested to be Ͻ1 h to 24 h (50,51,60). Assays to determine prolonged survival of intra-amoebal Y. pestis were conducted at temperatures of 25°C and 4°C to reflect the epizootic and seasonal interepizootic cycles of Y. pestis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Benavides-Montaño

Vadyvaloo

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Plague is a flea-borne rodent-associated zoonotic disease caused by The disease is characterized by epizootics with high rodent mortalities, punctuated by interepizootic periods when the bacterium persists in an unknown reservoir. This study investigates the interaction between and the ubiquitous soil free-living amoeba (FLA) to assess if the bacterium can survive within soil amoebae and whether intracellular mechanisms are conserved between infection of mammalian macrophages and soil amoebae. The results demonstrate that during coculture with amoebae, representative strains of epidemic biovars Medievalis, Orientalis, and Antiqua are phagocytized and able to survive within amoebae for at least 5 days. Key determinants of the intracellular interaction of and phagocytic macrophages, PhoP and the type three secretion system (T3SS), were then tested for their roles in the -amoeba interaction. Consistent with a requirement for the PhoP transcriptional activator in the intracellular survival of in macrophages, a PhoP mutant is unable to survive when cocultured with amoebae. Additionally, induction of the T3SS blocks phagocytic uptake of by amoebae, similar to that which occurs during macrophage infection. Electron microscopy revealed that in, resides intact within spacious vacuoles which were characterized using lysosomal trackers as being separated from the lysosomal compartment. This evidence for prolonged survival and subversion of intracellular digestion of within FLA suggests that protozoa may serve as a protective soil reservoir for is a reemerging flea-borne zoonotic disease. Sylvatic plague cycles are characterized by an epizootic period during which the disease spreads rapidly, causing high rodent mortality, and an interepizootic period when the bacterium quiescently persists in an unknown reservoir. An understanding of the ecology of in the context of its persistence in the environment and its reactivation to initiate a new epizootic cycle is key to implementing novel surveillance strategies to more effectively predict and prevent new disease outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate prolonged survival and subversion of intracellular digestion of within a soil free-living amoeba. This suggests the potential role for protozoa as a protective soil reservoir for, which may help explain the recrudescence of plague epizootics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Benavides-Montaño

Vadyvaloo

2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The bubonic form is the most common, resulting from the bite of an infected flea. Bubonic plague is characterized by the formation of buboes (swollen lymph nodes) [69]. Usual incubation period varies from 2 to 6 days, occasionally longer.…”

Section: Yersinia Pestismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

et al. 2020

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Pathogens are various organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which can cause severe illnesses to their hosts. Throughout history, pathogens have accompanied human populations and caused various epidemics. One of the most significant outbreaks was the Black Death, which occurred in the 14th century and caused the death of one-third of Europe’s population. Pathogens have also been studied for their use as biological warfare agents by the former Soviet Union, Japan, and the USA. Among bacteria and viruses, there are high priority agents that have a significant impact on public health. Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Variola virus, Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), Arenoviruses (Lassa), and influenza viruses are included in this group of agents. Outbreaks and infections caused by them might result in social disruption and panic, which is why special operations are needed for public health preparedness. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that significantly impede treatment and recovery of patients are also valid threats. Furthermore, recent events related to the massive spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are an example of how virus-induced diseases cannot be ignored. The impact of outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, have had far-reaching consequences beyond public health. The economic losses due to lockdowns are difficult to estimate, but it would take years to restore countries to pre-outbreak status. For countries affected by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), their health systems have been overwhelmed, resulting in an increase in the mortality rate caused by diseases or injuries. Furthermore, outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, will induce serious, wide-ranging (and possibly long-lasting) psychological problems among, not only health workers, but ordinary citizens (this is due to isolation, quarantine, etc.). The aim of this paper is to present the most dangerous pathogens, as well as general characterizations, mechanisms of action, and treatments.

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“…Bubonic plague is the bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis when the bacteria infect lymphatic system [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability Analysis of Bubonic Plague Model with the Causing Pathogen <i>Yersinia pestis</i> in the Environment

Ngeleja¹,

Luboobi²,

Nkansah-Gyekye³

2016

AID

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Bubonic plague is a serious bacterial disease, mainly transmitted to human beings and rodents through flea bite. However, the disease may also be transmitted upon the interaction with the infected materials or surfaces in the environment. In this study, a deterministic model for bubonic plague disease with Yersinia pestis in the environment is developed and analyzed. Conditions for existence and stability of the equilibrium points are established. Using Jacobian method disease free equilibrium (DFE) point, E 0 was proved to be locally asymptotically stable. The Metzler matrix method was used to prove that the DFE was globally asymptotically stable when R0 < 1. By applying Lyapunov stability theory and La Salles invariant principle, we prove that the endemic equilibrium point of system is globally asymptotically stable when R0 > 1. Numerical simulations are done to verify the analytical predictions. The results show that bubonic plague can effectively be controlled or even be eradicated if efforts are made to ensure that there are effective and timely control strategies.

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A Deadly Path: Bacterial Spread During Bubonic Plague

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

Stability Analysis of Bubonic Plague Model with the Causing Pathogen <i>Yersinia pestis</i> in the Environment

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A Deadly Path: Bacterial Spread During Bubonic Plague

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

Stability Analysis of Bubonic Plague Model with the Causing Pathogen &lt;i&gt;Yersinia pestis&lt;/i&gt; in the Environment

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Product

Resources

About

Stability Analysis of Bubonic Plague Model with the Causing Pathogen <i>Yersinia pestis</i> in the Environment