“…Different benchmarks have been used in other studies, for example a standard market model (Kaul, Mehrotra, & Morck, 2000;Chen, Noronha, & Singal, 2004;Shankar & Miller, 2006) and a capital asset pricing model (CAPM) (Amihud & Mendelson, 1986;Elliot, Van Ness, Walker, & Wan, 2006;Shankar & Miller, 2006). These benchmarks have been shown to be inadequate -the CAPM, in particular, fails to account for expected returns on the basis of company size, as well as growth versus value (Fama & French, 1992;1993;1996;1998) and resource versus non-resource shares -which is relevant especially in the South African context (Van Rensburg 2001;Van Rensburg & Robertson 2003a, 2003b. A 12-parameter-style model to estimate benchmark returns was therefore used in this study.…”