A dedicated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens—evidence for the role of a fungal GAPDH in secondary metabolism

Abstract

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the sixth step of glycolysis, and is also known to perform other (moonlighting) activities in animal cells. We have earlier identified an additional GAPDH gene in Trichoderma virens genome. This gene is consistently associated with the vir cluster responsible for biosynthesis of a range of volatile sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma virens. This gene is also associated with an orthologous gene cluster in Aspergillus spp. Both glycolytic GAPDH and the vir cluster-associated GAPDH show more than 80% similarity with essentially conserved NAD cofactor- and substrate-binding sites. However, a conserved indel is consistently present only in GAPDH associated with the vir cluster, both in T. virens and Aspergillus spp. Using gene knockout, we demonstrate here that the vir cluster-associated GAPDH is involved in biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes in T. virens. We thus, for the first time, elucidate the non-glycolytic role of a GAPDH in a fungal system, and also prove for the first time that a GAPDH, a primary metabolism protein, is involved in secondary metabolism.

Genetic Evidence in Favor of a Polyketide Origin of Acremeremophilanes, the Fungal “Sesquiterpene” Metabolites

“…For deletion of the PKS gene in T. virens G2, a modified split marker protocol was followed ( 16 ). Briefly, the 5′ flank was amplified with the primer pair Amm1FKpnI (all oligonucleotide primer sequences are listed in Table S1) and Amm1RXhoI with KpnI and XhoI enzyme sites integrated in the sequence, and the 3′ flank was amplified with the primer pair Amm1FXbaI and Amm1FSacI with XbaI and SacI enzyme sites integrated.…”

LC-MS Based Secondary Metabolites Profile of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus J.E. Smith. Cell Suspension Culture Using Picloram and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

“…Even so, the secondary metabolites, especially kaempferol, are pharmacologically necessary for the beneficial drugs. Several studies has proven that kaempferol improves brain tissue healing after injury, prohibits oxidative stress, 38 increases lung cancer apoptosis and autophagy, 39 and prevents various diseases. 41 Shikimate is involved in synthesizing phenolic groups, aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) and primary metabolites.…”

Comparative proteomic analysis of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense strains (Foc R1 and Foc TR4) provides better insights into mechanisms of their virulence, habitat adaptation and pathogenesis

“…The activation of trehalose pathway is due to the presence TPS3 (Spot 39), which is important for successful infection and survival of the pathogen in the host because the disaccharide trehalose is an energy source as well as osmotic stress protectant during the infection process (Petzold et al 2006). GAPDH (Spot 43) is localized at the cell surface and play major roles in host-pathogen interactions specifically binding the conidia to a host (Broetto et al 2010), besides, biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes and catalyze the sixth step of glycolysis (Pachauri et al 2019).…”