A Deficiency at the Gene Coding for ζ-Carotene Desaturase Characterizes the Sunflower non dormant-1 Mutant

Conti, Alessio; Pancaldi, Simonetta; Fambrini, Marco; Michelotti, V.; Bonora, A.; Salvini, Mariangela; Pugliesi, Claudio

doi:10.1093/pcp/pch052

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In contrast, the most abundant carotenoid in clb5-1 was z-carotene, with trace amounts of phytofluene and cis-isomers of z-carotene also detected (Supplemental Figure 12). This is similar to previously published spectral data for ZDS mutants (Matthews et al, 2003;Conti et al, 2004;Dong et al, 2007).…”

Section: The Accumulation Of Specific Carotenes Is Responsible For Thsupporting

confidence: 92%

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An Uncharacterized Apocarotenoid-Derived Signal Generated in ζ-Carotene Desaturase Mutants Regulates Leaf Development and the Expression of Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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In addition to acting as photoprotective compounds, carotenoids also serve as precursors in the biosynthesis of several phytohormones and proposed regulatory signals. Here, we report a signaling process derived from carotenoids that regulates early chloroplast and leaf development. Biosynthesis of the signal depends on z-carotene desaturase activity encoded by the z-CAROTENE DESATURASE (ZDS)/CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS5 (CLB5) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Unlike other carotenoiddeficient plants, zds/clb5 mutant alleles display profound alterations in leaf morphology and cellular differentiation as well as altered expression of many plastid-and nucleus-encoded genes. The leaf developmental phenotypes and gene expression alterations of zds/clb5/spc1/pde181 plants are rescued by inhibitors or mutations of phytoene desaturase, demonstrating that phytofluene and/or z-carotene are substrates for an unidentified signaling molecule. Our work further demonstrates that this signal is an apocarotenoid whose synthesis requires the activity of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD4.

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Section: The Accumulation Of Specific Carotenes Is Responsible For Thsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These compounds are also precursors of ABA and SL and volatiles with signaling functions (Walter et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2012;Ramel et al, 2013). Impaired carotenoid biosynthesis can result in pleiotropic phenotypes due to photooxidative damage and hormone deficiencies (Matthews et al, 2003;Conti et al, 2004;Dong et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Uncharacterized Apocarotenoid-Derived Signal Generated in ζ-Carotene Desaturase Mutants Regulates Leaf Development and the Expression of Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes inArabidopsis

et al. 2014

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“…Notably, the spc1-1 mutation causes the accumulation of a higher level of 15-cis-phytoene and z-carotene, the direct substrate of ZDS. The developmental and biochemical phenotype of spc1 is similar to that of a sunflower mutant nd-1, whose WT allele likely encodes a ZDS [24,25]. These results suggest that SPC1 acts downstream of z-carotene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Downstream of this step of the pathway, LUT1 and LUT2, which encode ε-cyclase and ε-hydroxylase, respectively, are essential for lutein biosynthesis [20,23]. In sunflower, the nondormant-1 (nd-1) mutant, obtained by in vitro tissue culture, was characterized as an albino mutant showing defects in carotenoid biosynthesis [24], and its wild type (WT) allele likely encodes a ZDS [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

et al. 2007

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Carotenoids, a class of natural pigments found in all photosynthetic organisms, are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including coloration, photoprotection, biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and chloroplast biogenesis. Although carotenoid biosynthesis has been well studied biochemically, the genetic basis of the pathway is not well understood. Here, we report the characterization of two allelic Arabidopsis mutants, spontaneous cell death1-1 (spc1-1) and spc1-2. The weak allele spc1-1 mutant showed characteristics of bleached leaves, accumulation of superoxide and mosaic cell death. The strong mutant allele spc1-2 caused a complete arrest of plant growth and development shortly after germination, leading to a seedling-lethal phenotype. Genetic and molecular analyses indicated that SPC1 encodes a putative z-carotene desaturase (ZDS) in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of carotenoids revealed that several major carotenoid compounds downstream of SPC1/ZDS were substantially reduced in spc1-1, suggesting that SPC1 is a functional ZDS. Consistent with the downregulated expression of CAO and PORB, the chlorophyll content was decreased in spc1-1 plants. In addition, expression of Lhcb1.1, Lhcb1.4 and RbcS was absent in spc1-2, suggesting the possible involvement of carotenoids in the plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. The spc1-1 mutant also displays an ABA-deficient phenotype that can be partially rescued by the externally supplied phytohormone. These results suggest that SPC1/ZDS is essential for biosynthesis of carotenoids and plays a crucial role in plant growth and development.

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“…The first class included maize vp9 and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) nondormant1 (nd1); mutants in this class have been shown to be light nonresponders and therefore albino, which is typical for ZDS lesions based on phenotype and, in these cases, supported by gene analysis (Matthews et al, 2003;Conti et al, 2004). Members of this group show a low ratio of tri-cis-to di-cis-z-carotene isomers and accumulate 9,9#-di-cis-zcarotene, the ZDS substrate.…”

Section: Identification Of Other Putative Genetic Loci Needed For Z-imentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize Y9 Encodes a Product Essential for 15-cis-ζ-Carotene Isomerization

2007

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Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. They serve essential functions in plants and provide health benefits for humans and animals. In plants, it was thought that conversion of the C40 carotenoid backbone, 15-cisphytoene, to all-trans-lycopene, the geometrical isomer required by downstream enzymes, required two desaturases (phytoene desaturase and z-carotene desaturase [ZDS]) plus a carotene isomerase (CRTISO), in addition to light-mediated photoisomerization of the 15-cis-double bond; bacteria employ only a single enzyme, CRTI. Characterization of the maize (Zea mays) pale yellow9 (y9) locus has brought to light a new isomerase required in plant carotenoid biosynthesis. We report that maize Y9 encodes a factor required for isomerase activity upstream of CRTISO, which we term Z-ISO, an activity that catalyzes the cis-to trans-conversion of the 15-cis-bond in 9,15,9#-tri-cis-z-carotene, the product of phytoene desaturase, to form 9,9#-di-cis-z-carotene, the substrate of ZDS. We show that recessive y9 alleles condition accumulation of 9,15,9#-tri-cis-z-carotene in dark tissues, such as roots and etiolated leaves, in contrast to accumulation of 9,9#-di-cis-z-carotene in a ZDS mutant, viviparous9. We also identify a locus in Euglena gracilis, which is similarly required for Z-ISO activity. These data, taken together with the geometrical isomer substrate requirement of ZDS in evolutionarily distant plants, suggest that Z-ISO activity is not unique to maize, but will be found in all higher plants. Further analysis of this new gene-controlled step is critical to understanding regulation of this essential biosynthetic pathway.

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A Deficiency at the Gene Coding for ζ-Carotene Desaturase Characterizes the Sunflower non dormant-1 Mutant

Cited by 42 publications

References 62 publications

An Uncharacterized Apocarotenoid-Derived Signal Generated in ζ-Carotene Desaturase Mutants Regulates Leaf Development and the Expression of Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes inArabidopsis

An Uncharacterized Apocarotenoid-Derived Signal Generated in ζ-Carotene Desaturase Mutants Regulates Leaf Development and the Expression of Chloroplast and Nuclear Genes inArabidopsis

The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

Maize Y9 Encodes a Product Essential for 15-cis-ζ-Carotene Isomerization

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