A Descriptive Analysis of Care Provided by Law Enforcement Prior to EMS Arrival in the United States

Klassen, Aaron B; Core, S Brent; Lohse, Christine M.; Sztajnkrycer, Matthew D.

doi:10.1017/s1049023x18000213

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The PPOs are seen worldwide as a key component in the out-of-hospital chain of survival by sometimes being first on the scene, performing lifesaving interventions whilst awaiting ambulance service arrival (Klassen et al, 2018: Hollenberg et al, 2009Husain & Eisenberg, 2013;Krammel et al, 2020). The results of this study indicate the highest level of consensus in terms of areas related to actions where the PPOs perform basic life support measures, with the two areas with the highest level of agreement linked to the ability of performing CPR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Police patrol officers (PPOs) face multifaceted, everyday challenges that demand professionals capable of adapting to a wide range of situations and decisions. One of their most important societal functions is to protect and save lives, and PPOs may on many occasions be the first authority at a scene in out-of-hospital emergencies (Hawkins et al, 2007;Klassen et al, 2018). A study from the United States (US) covering 41 states in 2014 indicates that assignments where PPOs deliver care prior to the arrival of the ambulance service mostly concern cardiac arrest and traumatic events (Klassen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of their most important societal functions is to protect and save lives, and PPOs may on many occasions be the first authority at a scene in out-of-hospital emergencies (Hawkins et al, 2007;Klassen et al, 2018). A study from the United States (US) covering 41 states in 2014 indicates that assignments where PPOs deliver care prior to the arrival of the ambulance service mostly concern cardiac arrest and traumatic events (Klassen et al, 2018). Other findings in studies from the US also indicate that PPOs face challenges in a wide range of situations involving medical and mental health related complaints and emergencies (Hawkins et al, 2007;Rosen & Travers, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier research from the US indicates that PPOs themselves support the call for additional training in emergency care (Alonso-Serra et al, 1997) and a need to develop police-specific emergency care training has been emphasized (Sztajnkrycer et al, 2007). Furthermore, calls have also been made for a better understanding of the challenges PPOs face concerning emergency care in order to develop their training and policy recommendations (Klassen et al, 2018). There is little research from a European perspective and none at all from a Swedish perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Emergency Care Competence Needed for Police Patrol Officers According to the Experts

Wallin¹,

Holmberg²,

Henrik³

et al. 2022

NJSP

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Police patrol officers (PPOs) face different types of encounters with acutely ill and injured people as first responders. The study aim was to explore and describe the emergency care competence needed for Swedish PPOs. The study had an exploratory design, and the data was collected using the Delphi technique from 43 experts in Sweden: police program educators (n=10), police authority instructors (n=11), and PPOs (n= 22). The results generated an understanding of emergency care competence that is relevant for PPOs. Basic assessment and basic life support meas-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Emergency Care Competence Needed for Police Patrol Officers According to the Experts

Wallin¹,

Holmberg²,

Henrik³

et al. 2022

NJSP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[32][33][34][35] Under such circumstances, law enforcement may be better served focusing on other potentially more value-added interventions as described in TECC guidelines (massive hemorrhage control with tourniquets or hemostatic agents, airway management, and chest seal placement) prior to initiating CPR. 18 However, during OIS events, the decision to not perform CPR may both be difficult for the officers, who may be used to initiating CPR in out-of-hospital medical cardiac arrest, 1,11,36 and may also have negative perceptions by the community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate Medical Care Rendered by US Law Enforcement Officers after Officer-Involved Shootings – An Open-Access Public Domain Video Analysis

McGuire

Keim

Blakeney

et al. 2023

Prehosp. Disaster med.

Self Cite

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Background: After officer-involved shootings (OIS), rapid delivery of emergency medical care is critical but may be delayed due to scene safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to describe medical care rendered by law enforcement officers (LEOs) after lethal force incidents. Methods: Retrospective analysis of open-source video footage of OIS occurring from February 15, 2013 through December 31, 2020. Frequency and nature of care provided, time until LEO and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) care, and mortality outcomes were evaluated. The study was deemed exempt by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board. Results: Three hundred forty-two (342) videos were included in the final analysis; LEOs rendered care in 172 (50.3%) incidents. Average elapsed time from time-of-injury (TOI) to LEO-provided care was 155.8 (SD = 198.8) seconds. Hemorrhage control was the most common intervention performed. An average of 214.2 seconds elapsed between LEO care and EMS arrival. No mortality difference was identified between LEO versus EMS care (P = .1631). Subjects with truncal wounds were more likely to die than those with extremity wounds (P < .00001). Conclusions: It was found that LEOs rendered medical care in one-half of all OIS incidents, initiating care on average 3.5 minutes prior to EMS arrival. Although no significant mortality difference was noted for LEO versus EMS care, this finding must be interpreted cautiously, as specific interventions, such as extremity hemorrhage control, may have impacted select patients. Future studies are needed to determine optimal LEO care for these patients.

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How do current police practices impact trauma care in the prehospital setting? A scoping review

et al. 2023

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Objective: In the United States, police are often important co-responders to 911 calls with emergency medical services for medical emergencies. To date, there remains a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which police response modifies time to in-hospital medical care for traumatically injured patients. Further, it remains unclear if differentials exist within or between communities. A scoping review was performed to identify studies evaluating prehospital transport of traumatically injured patients and the role or impact of police involvement.Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, and Criminal Justice Abstracts databases were utilized to identify articles. English-language, US-based, peer-reviewed articles published on or prior to March 30, 2022 were eligible for inclusion.Results: Of 19,437 articles initially identified, 70 articles were selected for full review and 17 for final inclusion. Key findings included (1) current law enforcement practices involving scene clearance introduce the potential for delayed patient transport but to date there is little research quantifying delays; (2) police transport protocols may decrease transport times; and (3) there are no studies examining the potential impact of scene clearance practices at the patient or community level. Conclusions:Our results highlight that police are often the first on scene when responding to traumatic injuries and have an active role via scene clearance or, in some systems, patient transport. Despite the significant potential for impact on patient well-being, there remains a paucity of data examining and driving current practices.

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A Descriptive Analysis of Care Provided by Law Enforcement Prior to EMS Arrival in the United States

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

The Emergency Care Competence Needed for Police Patrol Officers According to the Experts

The Emergency Care Competence Needed for Police Patrol Officers According to the Experts

Immediate Medical Care Rendered by US Law Enforcement Officers after Officer-Involved Shootings – An Open-Access Public Domain Video Analysis

How do current police practices impact trauma care in the prehospital setting? A scoping review

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