A descriptive analysis of general surgery residency program directors in the United States

Hughes, Alexa J; Im, Kyuseok; Zhu, Junjia; Saunders, Brian P.

doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.06.020

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We used additional secondary sources to confirm their gender, including their National Provider Identifier (NPI) profile, Doximity, and LinkedIn. This methodology was previously described in a study by Hughes et al [11]. Doximity was used to determine the locations of the institutions and the year each program director graduated from medical school, residency, and fellowship/s (where applicable).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We recorded the medical degree earned by each program director as a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) or Medical Doctor (MD). For all international medical graduates, the terminal medical degree was counted as MD, although they had the designation of MBBS [11].…”

Section: Sources and Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender diversity in this role as in most others is important for many reasons; it allows for more diverse perspectives in decision making, increased innovation, culturally competent care for patients, and aids in dispelling stereotypes surrounding various specialties [10,16,21]. Some have speculated that the gender of someone's mentor in medicine influences career choices by providing increased visibility [5,6,12,13], and thus it has been suggested that the gender distribution in leadership positions (like program director) may play a role in ameliorating the skewed gender distribution that persists in orthopaedic training programs [11,14,18]. The skewed gender distribution in orthopaedic training programs is likely a function of limited exposure to the field early on, concerns over work-life balance, lack of mentorship, and stereotypes surrounding the specialty [16,18,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Program Director Gender Associated With Gender Diversity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs?

Dias,

Herzog,

Alomary

et al. 2024

Clin Orthop Relat Res

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Background Women remain underrepresented in leadership roles, faculty roles, and among residents in orthopaedic surgery. It has been suggested that having women in leadership positions in orthopaedic surgery may help to increase the gender diversity of residency programs. However, to our knowledge, no study has explored the relationship, if any, between the gender of the residency program director and the percentage of women in the residency program. Questions/purposes (1) Is the program director’s gender associated with differences in the percentage of women orthopaedic surgery residents? (2) Do women and men differ in the time to appointment of program director? Methods A list of 207 orthopaedic surgery residencies was obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) website for the academic year 2021 to 2022. The study excluded 6% (13) of programs; 4% (8) were those without ACGME accreditation and those with initial accreditation, and 2% (5) did not have updated 2021 to 2022 resident lists. Descriptive information on 194 programs was obtained from publicly accessible resources from July 2021 through July 2022. The institution’s website and the American Medical Association’s (AMA) Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was used to collect residency program characteristics and resident demographics [2]. Doximity, Healthgrades, and LinkedIn were used to further collect current orthopaedic surgery residency program director demographics, including gender, age, and education/training history. To determine gender, photographs and pronouns (she/her/hers or he/him/hers) used in their biographies were used first. To confirm this, secondary sources were used including their NPI profile, which lists gender; Doximity; and their LinkedIn profile. Scopus was used to analyze research output by the program directors—using the Hirsch index (h-index) as the primary bibliometric metric. A total of 194 program directors were identified, of whom of 12% (23) were women and 88% (171) were men. Of the 4421 total residents among these programs, 20% (887) were women and 80% (3534) were men. A univariate analysis comparing program directors was conducted, with continuous variables analyzed using an independent-sample t-test and categorical variables analyzed using a Pearson chi-square test. With the numbers available, a post hoc statistical power calculation indicated that we could detect an 32% difference in the percentage of women in a program as significant with 80% power at the p < 0.05 level, whereas we might have been underpowered to discern smaller differences than that. Results With the numbers available, we found no difference in the percentage of women in residency programs run by women program directors than in programs in which the program director was a man (22% [125 of 558] versus 20% [762 of 3863], mean difference 2% [95% CI -1.24% to 7.58%]; p = 0.08). Comparing women to men program directors, women had fewer years between residency completion and appointment to the position of program director (8 ± 2 years versus 12 ± 7 years, mean difference 4 years [95% CI 2.01 to 7.93 years]; p = 0.02) and had a lower mean h-index (7 ± 4 versus 11 ± 11, mean difference 4 [95% CI 1.70 to 6.56]; p = 0.03) and number of publications (24 ± 23 versus 41 ± 62, mean difference 17 [95% CI 3.98 to 31.05]; p = 0.01), although they did not differ in terms of their advanced degrees, duration of training, or likelihood of having taken a fellowship. Conclusion Orthopaedic residency programs that were run by women did not contain a higher percentage of women residents, suggesting that the gender of the individual in that role may not be as important as has been speculated by others. Future studies should investigate the intersectionality of gender, race, and ethnicity of residents, program directors, and current faculty. Clinical Relevance The fact that women were placed in program director roles earlier in career may also carry special jeopardy for them. Those roles are difficult and can impair a faculty member’s ability to conduct individual research, which often is key to further academic promotions. Given that and the fact that the gender of the program director was not associated with differences in gender composition of residency programs, we believe that increasing mentorship and access to pipeline programs will help promote diversity in residency programs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources and Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Is Program Director Gender Associated With Gender Diversity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs?

Dias,

Herzog,

Alomary

et al. 2024

Clin Orthop Relat Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous literature has shown that women leadership positively affects mentorship and patient outcomes [ 11 , 12 ]. Programs with a greater number of women leaders are more likely to have a higher number of women trainees, where women leaders serve as role models for future generations of residents and medical students [ 13 ]. In comparison to their men counterparts, women surgeons that are faculty in medical schools are more likely to spend over 50 % of time in clinical responsibility [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the gender gap: A nationwide comparative analysis of general surgery residency program leadership

Miao,

Sarsour,

Givant

et al. 2024

Surgery Open Science

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Representation of women in the Association for Surgical Education leadership and annual meeting

Brooks,

Essani,

Maskal

et al. 2023

Global Surg Educ

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A descriptive analysis of general surgery residency program directors in the United States

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

Is Program Director Gender Associated With Gender Diversity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs?

Is Program Director Gender Associated With Gender Diversity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs?

Exploring the gender gap: A nationwide comparative analysis of general surgery residency program leadership

Representation of women in the Association for Surgical Education leadership and annual meeting

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