“…At present, all factors causing decreased spermatogenesis may be the mechanism of cryptozoospermia, such as chromosomal abnormalities, 5 genetics, 6 urogenital system congenital anomalies, 7 infection, 8 immune damage, 9 testicular microlithiasis, 10 hydrocele, 11 varicocele, 12 abnormal sex hormones, 13 toxins, 14 radiation, 15 and tumors. 16 With the development of cryotherapy, biological treatment, drugs, surgery, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), an increasing number of studies or case reports of new methods have obtained good results; however, there is no consensus, and more uncertainties need to be discussed.…”