“…In general, the outdoor electricity-generation of the PV generators is affected by the module temperature, planeof-array irradiance [26], spectral distribution [26,27], temperature coefficient [28], transmittance of aged PV glasses [29] and aged EVA films [30], dust effect [31e33], and partial shading effect on PV modules [34,35]. The superstrate-type a-Si:H single-junction PV modules may be free from the effect of the aged EVA films, however it is also significantly impacted by the Staebler-Wronski effect [27,36]. It takes about two years until the performance of a-Si:H single-junction PV modules becomes stable in the outdoor environment [37,38].…”