A detailed introduction of different beamforming techniques used in 5G

Abstract

Summary The arrival of high‐speed internet facility such as the mmWave system or more commonly known as 5G wireless network is a prime impetus that is expected to be the driver for radical transformation in current communication methods. Apart from the numerous applications, an area where 5G is expected to be a game‐changer is the vehicle‐to‐everything or V2X network. This technology uses a road side unit (RSU) which provides wireless connectivity to vehicles, pedestrians, and so on, which may be either stationary or mobile so that their exact location can be known in real time. Researchers have demonstrated experimentally that 4G connectivity with such RSUs can provide a reliable low latency network for certain applications. For instance, for near‐perfect localization of each connected objects on the map, there is a need to stream GPS data, process semantic information from videos continually using computer vision. While these are simply for locating vehicles in real time so that road accident can be prevented. They are also the host of other features such as entertainment, health monitors, and mobile office that can be integrated inside a moving vehicle. To address the issues massive multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO), communication can be realized by using hybrid transceivers which uses a setup consisting of high‐dimensional analog phase shifters and power amplifier with dimensional digital signal processing units having low power. It is therefore vital to choose an apt beamforming design that will run on low energy. A comparison of different varieties of beamforming methodologies for determining the most efficient massive MIMO network is carried out here.

A Survey on Handover and Mobility Management in 5G HetNets: Current State, Challenges, and Future Directions

“…This approach provides flexibility in the frequency spectrum, as the beam direction can be changed dynamically based on the changing environment. Digital beamforming is wellsuited for sub-6 GHz frequencies, where the frequency spectrum gain is lower but more processing power is available [68].…”

A Primer on Contextual Beamforming Techniques that Exploit a User’s Location Information

“…It replicates the sent signal on several antennas to provide a combined signal that is optimised for the user. In short, transmit BF is about adjusting the phase transmission, and can be done explicitly or implicitly [36].…”

“…Thus, a combination of the low hardware cost and low complexity of analog BF, along with the high resolution, gain, and flexibility of digital BF makes hybrid BF an efficient choice for a cost-and energy-efficient system. A comparison between hybrid and digital BF in terms of power and hardware cost is reported [34], [36]. Hybrid BF is further categorised into sub-connected and totally connected architectures.…”

Performance Analysis and Direction of Arrival(DOA) Estimation of various Beamforming schemes for Quality Signal Reception in 5G Wireless Communication Systems

“…The demand for online Three Dimensional (3D) games for Personal Computers (PC), IoT [1], Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has exploded in recent years and all these applications [2] are bandwidth hungry. It is estimated that there will be 75 billion devices in existence by the fall of 2025 and from this gure it is expected that there will be at least six devices associated with each person that will be connected to the network [3]. As a result, Fourth Generation (4G) systems have been confronted with numerous challenges and di culties including supporting the growing needs of users while maintaining the parameters [4] like spectral e ciency, wider bandwidth, power consumption, and interference mitigation.…”