A Detailed Kinetic Analysis of the Environmentally Friendly Leaching of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Monocarboxylic Acid

Sahu, Sibananda; Pati, Subas C.; Devi, Niharbala

doi:10.3390/met13050947

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Determination of the leaching kinetics in hydrometallurgical studies is required to determine the regulatory steps in the process [36]. Thus far, different models have been proposed to describe the solubility-extraction reactions through the S/L ratio interactions.…”

Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Malonic and l-Glutamic Acids for Metal Leaching from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Kinetic and Optimization Analysis

Sohbatzadeh,

Shafaei Tonkaboni,

Noaparast

et al. 2023

Minerals

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In this research, two different hydrometallurgical processes were introduced for recycling the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from spent LIBs. The cathode materials were leached by malonic acid (MOA), as a leaching agent, and ascorbic acid (AA), as a reducing agent, in the first process, and by l-Glutamic acid (l-Glu), as a leaching agent, and AA, as a reducing agent, in the second process. The results of the tests showed that, with a similar solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 10 g/L and a recovery time of 2 h for both processes, when using MOA of 0.25 M and AA of 0.03 M at 88 °C, 100% lithium (Li), 80% cobalt (Co), 99% nickel (Ni), and 98% manganese (Mn) were extracted, and when using l-Glu of 0.39 M and AA of 0.04 M at 90 °C, 100% Li, 79% Co, 91% Ni, and 92% Mn were extracted. The kinetics of the leaching process for the two systems were well justified by the Avrami equation, which was diffusion-controlled in the MOA + AA system, with the apparent activation energy of 3.23, 14.72, 7.77, and 7.36 kJ/mol for Mn, Ni, Co, and Li, respectively. The l-Glu + AA involved chemical-diffusion kinetic control, with the apparent activation energy for Mn, Ni, Co, and Li of 9.95, 29.42, 20.15, and 16.08 kJ/mol, respectively. Various characterization techniques were used to explain the observed synergistic effect in the l-Glu + AA system, which resulted in reduced acid consumption and enhanced recovery compared to the case of MOA + AA. This occurred because l-Glu is not able to reduce and recover metals without a reductant, while MOA has reductant properties.

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Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two of the most widely used are the shrinking particle model (SPM) and the shrinking core model (SCM) [37,38]. The Avrami equation is another combined kinetic equation that includes the diffusion control and chemical reaction used in heterogeneous solid-liquid systems [36,39,40].…”

Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Malonic and l-Glutamic Acids for Metal Leaching from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Kinetic and Optimization Analysis

Sohbatzadeh,

Shafaei Tonkaboni,

Noaparast

et al. 2023

Minerals

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“… 30 To achieve synergism in leaching, pairing one acid acting as a chelating agent with another serving as a reducing agent is essential. While effective, traditional reductants like H 2 O 2 31 and NaHSO 3 32 pose environmental risks. For instance, hydrogen peroxide usage produces anthraquinone, a substance harmful to the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Approach for Selective Leaching and Separation of Strategic Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Sahu,

Agrawala,

Patra

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Recycling spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is paramount to pursuing resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study introduces a synergistic approach for selectively leaching and separating strategic metals from waste LIBs, representing a more efficient alternative to traditional single-acid-based leaching methods. The research also thoroughly analyzes diverse extraction parameters, aiming to achieve clean metal separation through synergistic concepts rather than single-phase extraction. The outcome of this study is developing a comprehensive downstream process, advancing the cause of sustainable waste management in the LIB industry. Under specific conditions with 0.6 mol/L total acid content (0.5 mol/L tartaric acid + 0.1 mol/L ascorbic acid), 99.9% cobalt and 100% lithium were effectively leached. The subsequent extraction process achieved a clean separation, with 48.3% of cobalt extracted using a mixture of 0.1 mol/L Alamine-336−Cyanex-272 (A-336−Cy-272) from the leach liquor with no coextraction of lithium, and this efficiency was improved to 67.3% by adjusting the pH from 2.44 to 7.5. However, it is worth noting that increasing the extractant concentration led to an antagonistic effect. To further enhance cobalt enrichment in the organic phase, the McCabe−Thiele plot method was recommended, employing saponified Cy-272. Moreover, the regeneration of saponified Cy-272 was investigated, and the stripped solution was processed with NaOH to form Co(OH) 2 , subsequently converting it into cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) through calcination.

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Leaching Kinetics of Valuable Metals from Calcined Material of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wongnaree,

Patcharawit,

Yingnakorn

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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This study aimed to investigate the leaching kinetics of valuable metals contained in the calcined black mass derived from the incineration of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules. The effects of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) concentration (0.5−3 M), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentration (0.5−2.0 vol %), solid/liquid (S/L) ratio (25−75 g/L), leaching time (10−120 min), and leaching temperature (30 °C−70 °C) on metal leaching efficiency from black mass were investigated. The optimal leaching conditions were achieved with 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 1 vol % H 2 O 2 , and a S/L ratio of 50 g/ L at 60 °C for 60 min. Under these conditions, Li, Ni, and Mn had leaching efficiencies of 100%, with Co at 97.17%, respectively. An investigation of the leaching kinetics utilizing H 2 O 2 as an additive revealed that the Avrami model fits the metal leaching process. The results of this study suggested that diffusion and surface chemical reactions controlled the leaching mechanisms of these metals, with activation energies of 7.829, 5.646, and 5.077 kJ mol −1 for Li, Ni, and Co, respectively.

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A Detailed Kinetic Analysis of the Environmentally Friendly Leaching of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Monocarboxylic Acid

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

A Comparative Study of Malonic and l-Glutamic Acids for Metal Leaching from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Kinetic and Optimization Analysis

A Comparative Study of Malonic and l-Glutamic Acids for Metal Leaching from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Kinetic and Optimization Analysis

Synergistic Approach for Selective Leaching and Separation of Strategic Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Leaching Kinetics of Valuable Metals from Calcined Material of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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