A detailed review of perovskite solar cells: Introduction, working principle, modelling, fabrication techniques, future challenges

Design Principles of a Novel Triple Perovskite Absorber for Efficiency Enhancement: An Optimization Study

“…After years of exclusive research for improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of non-pollutant, renewable solar cells that may efficiently replace depleting fossil fuels, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered as suitable among other conventional solar devices. − The significant characteristics that consist of a much higher absorption coefficient (α), variable band gaps, extension in carrier diffusion lengths, higher charge mobilities, lowest trap density, lower exciton binding energy, and reduced manufacturing charge have aided these PSCs to achieve elevated performance. − The general structure of the perovskite material is expressed as ABX 3 , and in the given context, A represents either an organic or inorganic cation, specifically methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA), or Cs, B denotes a heavy metal, including Sn, Pb, or Ge, and X signifies a halide anion, namely, Cl, Br, or I. , Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have demonstrated significant progress in the development of an enhanced light-harvesting material. The efficiency of PSCs has experienced a notable enhancement, rising from 3 to 25.6%. − Because of the tunable band gap, the PSCs enable capturing of different light frequencies that are incident on the absorber layer; therefore, the PCE can be elevated. , …”

Optimized High-Efficiency Solar Cells with Dual Hybrid Halide Perovskite Absorber Layers

“…In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in incorporating the perovskite material as the absorber layer in solar cells, and the performance efficiency has improved to 26.1% in 2022. − The popular perovskite light absorber materials such as formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI 3 ) and methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) contain toxic lead and hence are not environmentally and biologically compatible when employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as light absorbing materials. − It has been proved experimentally that the highest achieved efficiency for PSCs corresponds to the device with the MA + cation containing perovskite as the absorber material . The inherent volatile nature of the perovskites with the organic MA + cation affects the efficiency and the performance of the perovskite solar cells with the MA + cation containing perovskite as the absorber material .…”

“…5−11 It has been proved experimentally that the highest achieved efficiency for PSCs corresponds to the device with the MA + cation containing perovskite as the absorber material. 12 The inherent volatile nature of the perovskites with the organic MA + cation affects the efficiency and the performance of the perovskite solar cells with the MA + cation containing perovskite as the absorber material. 13 More specifically, the methylammonium lead halide perovskite materials have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, which result in high power conversion efficiencies in solar cells.…”

Comparative study of distinct halide composites for highly efficient perovskite solar cells using a SCAPS-1D simulator

“…Aer decades of research to improve the power consumption efficiency (PCE) of renewable solar cells, which can effectively substitute the depleting fossil fuels, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen a signicant increase in efficiency in the last decade, as evidently studied by many researchers. [1][2][3][4][5] Their remarkable properties, which include a very high absorption coefficient, a tunable band gap, an extended diffusion length of the carriers, greater mobility of charge, a lower trap state density, a smaller binding energy of the excitons, and a low processing cost, have enabled them to achieve this feat. [6][7][8][9][10][11] The chemical formula for perovskite is PQX 3 , where P stands for an organic/inorganic cation (Cs or MA or FA), Q stands for heavy metals (Sn, Ge, Pb), and X shows the halide anions (Br, Cl, and I).…”