“…Dual clutch AMT [13][14] has been also used to improve the shifting quality. The shift shock can be reduced by controlling the speed of the clutch [15] or the clutch itself can be eliminated by coordinately controlling the speed and torque of the engine and electric motor in hybrid electric vehicles [16][17]. In [18], a shaft torque observer has been used to determine the optimal gear upshift points where the torque interruption time is short and the shift jerk is small.…”