A Developmental Approach to Clinical Research, Classification, and Practice

doi:10.1002/9781118036600.ch7

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 118 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although they do not determine a specific course of adaptive functioning, they restrict its form in a probabilistic manner, by increasing or decreasing the probability of certain phenomena's occurrence (Bowlby, 1988;Sroufe, 2005;Thompson, 2008). The essence of development processes is the fact that both the development of competences and their absence, i.e., inadaptation, result from the same transaction and cumulative processes, which take place in the course of individual development (Yates et al, 2011). A number of researchers, who investigate alcohol addictions (e.g., Martinotti et al, 2008Martinotti et al, , 2009Cierpiałkowska, 2010;Ryszkowski et al, 2015;Lyvers et al, 2018a), emphasize that alcohol addictions result from an individual's disorder, i.e., emotional immaturity, and alcohol may constitute the means to handle difficult situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment Style, Early Childhood Trauma, Alexithymia, and Dissociation Among Persons Addicted to Alcohol: Structural Equation Model of Dependencies

Zdankiewicz-Ścigała

Ścigała

2020

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim: Attachment theory is a broadly used paradigm for understanding human affective development. It is recognized that alexithymia is a key factor responsible for the nonadaptive strategies of regulating emotions in people addicted to alcohol. In addition, an important role is attributed to early childhood trauma and dissociation. The theoretical model was examined, in which connections between attachment styles, trauma, and alexithymia and dissociation were investigated in persons addicted to alcohol. Methods: The total number of study participants amounted to 268 persons, including 116 women (43% of all subjects) and 152 men (57% of all subjects) at the age of 18-73 (M = 39.19; SD = 13.45). In order to measure the analyzed variables, the following questionnaires were applied: Michigan alcoholism screening test (MAST), attachment styles questionnaire (ASQ), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), traumatic experiences checklist (TEC), and curious experiences survey (CES). Results: A comparative analysis between the group of alcohol addicts and nonaddicts showed statistically significant differences related to attachment style, intensity of trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation. With structural equation models (i.e., AMOS and GLS), the adjustment of theoretical model to data was examined, which allowed the description of dependency paths. As a result of the conducted analysis of paths, it was found out that the model was accurately fitted to data, but only when an impact path related to a direct connection between an attachment style and an addiction was deleted. This impact is indirect, and from one side, it results from affective and cognitive deficits, i.e., alexithymia, and on the other side, from the intensity of traumatic experiences. No direct impact of dissociation on the development of an inclination to addiction was found, if contextual variables, i.e., alexithymia and trauma, are taken into account. The strongest direct relation was proven in the case of the anxious-ambivalent attachment style and alexithymia (β = 0.389; p < 0.01) and avoidant attachment style and alexithymia (β = 0.497; p < 0.01), which turned out a strong predictor fostering the development of alexithymia and the occurrence of traumas related to emotional negligence and mental violence and finally addiction.

show abstract