A Developmental Guide to the Organisation of Close Relationships

Laursen, Brett; Bukowski, William M.

doi:10.1080/016502597384659

Cited by 154 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This decline was found to be significantly faster from early to middle adolescence than from middle to late adolescence. Although we found perceived parental power to decline earlier than expected (Furman and Buhrmester 1992), these results confirm that the power balance in parent-child relationships becomes less asymmetrical during adolescence (Laursen and Bukowski 1997). Furthermore, our findings show that the transition to more equality in parent-adolescent relationships is accompanied by changes in support and conflict.…”

Section: Development Towards More Equality Of Powersupporting

confidence: 77%

Developmental Changes in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Relationships with Their Parents

Goede

Branje

Meeus

2008

J Youth Adolescence

414

335

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This 4-wave longitudinal study examines developmental changes in adolescents' perceptions of parent-adolescent relationships by assessing parental support, conflict with parents, and parental power. A total of 951 early adolescents (50.4% boys) and 390 middle adolescents (43.3% boys) participated. Univariate and multivariate growth curve analyses showed that support declined from early to middle adolescence for boys and girls and increased from middle to late adolescence for girls, while stabilizing for boys. Conflict was found to temporarily increase during middle adolescence. Parental power (relative power and dominance of parents) decreased from early to late adolescence. Results indicated that: (1) parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian during adolescence, (2) parents perceived by adolescents as powerful are viewed as supportive, especially in early adolescence, and (3) perceived conflict with parents is related to but not an impetus for changes in parent-adolescent relationships towards more equality.

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Section: Development Towards More Equality Of Powersupporting

confidence: 77%

Developmental Changes in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Relationships with Their Parents

Goede

Branje

Meeus

2008

J Youth Adolescence

414

335

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“…Participants bring differing backgrounds and experiences to the relationship which, in turn, manifest themselves in different types of romantic relationships. Some have argued that current relationships differ as a function of past relationship experience (Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). For instance, early attachment relationships with parents are thought to influence a generalized set of expectations about close relationships which have long-term consequences for feelings of attachment and security in later romantic relationships (Furman & Simon, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the course of the adolescent years, closeness shifts from parent-child relationships to friendships to romantic relationships (Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). Because closeness is a many faceted attribute, changes in overall closeness may mask alterations in specific characteristics of closeness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships

Adams¹,

Laursen²,

Wilder³

2001

Journal of Adolescence

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This investigation was designed to describe characteristics of closeness in the romantic relationships of early, mid-, and late adolescents, and to determine whether adolescent reports of relationship authority and reciprocity are linked to perceptions of interdependence, interaction frequency, activity diversity, influence, and relationship duration. Age was positively associated with interdependence, daily social interaction, weekly activity diversity, and reciprocity but not with influence, authority, or relationship duration; gender was unrelated to all characteristics of closeness. Authority and reciprocity were each positively associated with relationship influence. Authority moderated associations between reciprocity and several characteristics of closeness such that reciprocity was positively linked to interdependence, daily social interaction, and weekly activity diversity, but only in relationships characterized by low levels of authority. Neither reciprocity nor authority was associated with relationship duration.During childhood, close relationships tend to be limited to family members and friends, but during adolescence a new close relationship emerges: The romantic relationship. Closeness, is an important index of relationship quality has been studied extensively among adults, especially in the context of heterosexual relationships (see Clark and Reis, 1988, for review). Participants who perceive their relationship to be high in closeness report more satisfaction than those who perceive their relationship to be low in closeness (Aron, Aron, Smollan, 1992). Close relationships are also more stable and less likely to terminate than less close relationships (Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989a). It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that little is known about closeness in romantic relationships during adolescence. The present study was designed to describe adolescent romantic relationships on several dimensions of closeness and to determine whether patterns of closeness vary across the adolescent years. Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989b). Frequency describes the amount of social interaction between participants. Diversity describes the extent to which participants engage in different types of social interchanges. Strength of influence describes the degree to which exchanges affect the participants. Duration describes the time period over which participants have maintained interconnections. In close relationships, participants engage in frequent social interaction, share a variety of different activities together, and shape one another's thoughts and behaviors through exchanges that are maintained over time and across space. Developmental alterations in interdependence have been noted. Considerable evidence supports the notion that, with age, adolescents spend more time with agemates and less time with family members (Larson & Richards, 1991). Yet even as peer influence increases across adolescence, parents remain the more influential relationship (Berndt, 1999). Evidence suggests that patterns...

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“…The voluntary and egalitarian nature of friendships during childhood is also a distinctive aspect that distinguishes these friendships from the bonds formed in parent-child and sibling relationships (Laursen & Bukowski, 1997;Newcomb & Bagwell, 1995). Close friendship represents an advanced stage of social development because it invokes the regulation of cooperation and competition as well as the juxtaposition of one's own and one's friends' beliefs and expectancies (Schneider, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the voluntary and egalitarian nature of friendships during childhood, these relationships are potentially impermanent (Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). Faced with the potential threat of relationship dissolution, friends have to cooperate to establish, monitor, and revise the rules of exchange in order to ensure that both of their needs are equally satisfied (Laursen & Bukowski, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Children with ADHD (Mis)manage Their Real-Life Dyadic Friendships? A Multi-Method Investigation

Normand

Schneider

Lee

et al. 2010

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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This multi-method study provides detailed information about the friendships of 87 children with ADHD (77.0% boys) and 46 comparison children (73.9% boys) between the ages of 7 and 13.The methods used in the study included parent and teacher ratings, self-report measures, and direct observation of friends' dyadic behaviours in three structured analogue tasks. Results indicated that, in contrast with comparison children, children with ADHD had friends with high levels of ADHD and oppositional symptoms; they perceived fewer positive features and more negative features, and were less satisfied in their friendships. Observational data indicated that children with ADHD performed both more legal and more illegal manoeuvres than comparison children in a fast-paced competitive game. While negotiating with their friends, children with ADHD made more insensitive and self-centred proposals than comparison children. In dyads consisting of one child with ADHD and one typically developing child, children with ADHD were often more controlling than their non-diagnosed friends. Globally, these results were robust and did not seem to be affected by age differences, ADHD subtypes, comorbidities, and medication status. Given the increased recognition of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood as well as the fact that negative peer reputation in childhood very strongly predicts mental-health status by early adulthood, this research may lead to the discovery of meaningful ways to help people with ADHD achieve improved mental health and happiness over their lifespan.Friendship Interactions of Children with ADHD 1

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A Developmental Guide to the Organisation of Close Relationships

Cited by 154 publications

References 40 publications

Developmental Changes in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Relationships with Their Parents

Developmental Changes in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Relationships with Their Parents

Characteristics of closeness in adolescent romantic relationships

How Do Children with ADHD (Mis)manage Their Real-Life Dyadic Friendships? A Multi-Method Investigation

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