“…As shown in Fig. 4(b), under vacuum conditions, the standard reduction potential for different pH values can be calculated from the formula: 54 E Oxidation = −5.67 + pH × 0.059, and E Reduction = −4.44 + pH × 0.059. At the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), the E Oxidation is 1.23 eV, and the E Reduction is 0 eV, as shown in Fig.…”