A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Part 2

Smith, William

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139794602.012

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Whereas an addict may have lost some control over his behavior, becoming slave to a habit, this slavery is viewed as voluntarily self-inflicted and thus reprehensible. Appropriately, addictus was a term applied in ancient Rome to a person in a legal slave-like condition (for delinquent debt, which, if left unpaid by an addictus in 30 days, would result in slavery and possibly death) (Smith, 1898). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: Theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective

Vanyukov

Tarter

Kirillova

et al. 2012

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

362

288

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Background Two competing concepts address the development of involvement with psychoactive substances: the “gateway hypothesis” (GH) and common liability to addiction (CLA). Method The literature on theoretical foundations and empirical findings related to both concepts is reviewed. Results The data suggest that drug use initiation sequencing, the core GH element, is variable and opportunistic rather than uniform and developmentally deterministic. The association between risks for use of different substances, if any, can be more readily explained by common underpinnings than by specific staging. In contrast, the CLA concept is grounded in genetic theory and supported by data identifying common sources of variation in the risk for specific addictions. This commonality has identifiable neurobiological substrate and plausible evolutionary explanations. Conclusions Whereas the “gateway” hypothesis does not specify mechanistic connections between “stages”, and does not extend to the risks for addictions, the concept of common liability to addictions incorporates sequencing of drug use initiation as well as extends to related addictions and their severity, provides a parsimonious explanation of substance use and addiction co-occurrence, and establishes a theoretical and empirical foundation to research in etiology, quantitative risk and severity measurement, as well as targeted non-drug-specific prevention and early intervention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: Theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective

Vanyukov

Tarter

Kirillova

et al. 2012

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

362

288

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“…These terms probably refer to cupric sulfate since the dictionary definition of these equivalent compounded Greek words derives from χαλκó (copper) and άνθοζ (flower) (42). This "copper flowers" compound has produced the following etymological variants, such as, cupri rosa, cuprosa, etc., which has evolved into the modern word "copperas" (43,44). Though, in modern times copperas is used to denote iron sulfate -or green vitriol -in its original context it was associated with the soluble sulfate of copper (blue vitriol), though there was probably some iron impurity mixed with it (45).…”

Section: The Black Ink On the Scrollsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Study Tour of Ancient Israel

Koren

2014

ACS Symposium Series

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“…10 Finally, leeches are prescribed for the treatment of 'abdominal diseases', caused by the inability of the stomach to digest food. 11 During the same period, Demosthenes Philalethes, physician and member of the school founded by Herophilus, 12 refers to the use of leeches for the treatment of 'paralysis of the eye'. 13 Archigenes (1st century AD) also refers to leeches, information acquired through the physician Posidonius, (1st century AD) and Aetius of Amida (6th century AD).…”

Section: Medicinal Use Of Leechesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal use of leeches in the texts of ancient Greek, Roman and early Byzantine writers

Papavramidou

Christopoulou-Aletra

2009

Internal Medicine Journal

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Blood-letting was a common therapeutic method in antiquity; many means were used to draw blood, including the application of leeches. In this paper, ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine authors up to the 7th century AD were studied, a research that provided us with references that may be divided into two groups: those related to the medicinal use of leeches, and those related to cases in which leeches were swallowed and had to be removed. In the first group, detailed descriptions of the method of usage and of the diseases requiring leeching were found. In the second group, brief reference is made to the problems caused by swallowing leeches, and to the methods used to expel them from the human organism. The earliest references to the medicinal use of leeches may be found in the writings of Theocritus (3rd century BC), Nicander (2nd century BC) and Horace (1st century BC, while the phenomenon of swallowing a leech is first mentioned in one of the Epidaurian 'iamata' dating to the 4th century BC.

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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Part 2

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: Theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective

Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: Theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective

Scientific Study Tour of Ancient Israel

Medicinal use of leeches in the texts of ancient Greek, Roman and early Byzantine writers

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