A different kind of gender problem: Maltese loan-word gender from a typological perspective

Stolz, Christel

doi:10.1075/slcs.113.22sto

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…On the other hand, there is a vast amount of literature on noun borrowings into languages with gender systems, although few studies relate particular cases of noun borrowing to the overall system (C. Stolz , 2009. Corbett (1991: 70-82) examines different factors in the assignment of gender in the replica languages, in particular the mechanism of gender assignment through rules normal for native nouns, i.e., like the other nouns of the replica language.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish diminutive markers -ito/-ita in Mesoamerican languages: a challenge for acceptance of gender distinction

Vanhove¹,

Stolz²,

Urdze³

et al. 2012

Morphologies in Contact

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Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spanish diminutive markers -ito/-ita in Mesoamerican languages: a challenge for acceptance of gender distinction

Vanhove¹,

Stolz²,

Urdze³

et al. 2012

Morphologies in Contact

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“…In gender assignment to loanwords, a multitude of factors seem to play a role (e.g. Stolz 2009). The role of morphological adaptation in verb borrowing is explored by Wohlgemuth (2009: ch.…”

Section: Adaptation and Integration Of Loanwordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

II. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues

Haspelmath¹

2009

Loanwords in the World's Languages

220

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Lexical borrowing as a topic for general linguistics 'citizen' from Chinese guó-mín [country-people] (cf. Schmidt, Japanese subdatabase), but it also borrowed other words with the element kok(u) 'country' (e.g. kok-ka 'nation', koku-ō 'king') and other words with the element min 'people' (e.g. minshū 'population', jūmin 'inhabitant'). As a result of these multiple borrowings, many of the original Chinese compounds are again transparent in Japanese, and can be regarded as analyzable. Similarly, in English neoclassical compounds (like ethnography, ethnocracy, ethnology, gerontology, gerontocracy, 2 Notice that the verb to borrow can take either the source word or the loanword as its object: We can say "Portuguese borrowed the Chinese word chai 'tea' (as chá)", or we can say "Portuguese borrowed chá 'tea' from Chinese (chai)". The context will make clear which is intended. (Likewise, expressions such as Portuguese loanword are ambiguous, referring either to loanwords borrowed from Portuguese, or to Portuguese words which are loanwords.) 3 Conversely, when a word is analyzable within the recipient language, it can normally not be a loanword, because it was created within the recipient language (even if its members are loanwords: the English compound train station is not a loanword, although it consists of two borrowed roots). The Japanese compounds mentioned in the text below are exceptions to this generalization.

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“…Gender systems are strongly areal, and often occur in hotbeds, such as the Caucasus, where languages from multiple families possess them (Nichols, 1992, p. 130). In contrast to the categories of number and case, a noun in a gendered language is usually associated with just one gender (Stolz, 2009, p. 323; cf. Nichols, 1992, p. 130).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the seemingly complex gender assignment rules sometimes present in a language, children learn these systems relatively early in the acquisition process (Polinsky & van Everbroeck, 2003, p. 356; see also Karmiloff Smith, 1979). Moreover, adult native speakers “have few problems assigning new, given or even artificial nouns to one or the other gender category” (Stolz, 2009, p. 323). In relation to code-switching, three main gender assignment strategies and various modulating factors have been identified (see the “Code-switching and gender assignment” subsection), but more data are needed to better ascertain why certain speaker communities prefer one particular strategy, and what links those communities sharing such a preference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When semantics and phonology collide: Gender assignment in mixed Tsova-Tush–Georgian nominal constructions

Bellamy

Schreur

2021

International Journal of Bilingualism

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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This paper investigates the gender assignment strategies employed when genderless Georgian nouns are inserted into gendered Tsova-Tush utterances. We explore the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors motivating the strategies, and compare how these code-switches behave in relation to loans. Design/methodology/approach: Taking a broadly usage-based approach, we collected three types of data: (a) naturalistic corpus data; (b) semi-naturalistic production data from a forced-switch director–matcher (DM) task; and (c) a three-response forced-choice acceptability judgement task (AJT). Data and analysis: The responses from the DM task ( n = 12) and AJT acceptability ( n = 12) were analysed using descriptive (Chi-square) and inferential (log-linear) statistics. The corpus data are described qualitatively. Findings/conclusions: Both the gender of the Tsova-Tush translation equivalent (TE) and the Georgian phonology of the code-switched noun were significantly related to the response, with the TE being the stronger determinant of the two. Only marginal evidence for a default strategy was found. Production responses were found to be more consistent than comprehension responses, with more frequent lexemes displaying higher inter-participant consistency in production. Originality: Tsova-Tush, an endangered Nakh–Daghestanian language with five genders marked by prefixes, offers much-needed diversification within the code-switching literature concerning grammatical gender. This complexity also raises new questions regarding the notion of default in mixed nominal constructions. Significance/implications: Our findings support the prediction that first language speakers of a gendered language prefer a TE strategy, but contradict a relationship between default strategy and language dominance. Phonological criteria display a stronger role in gender assignment than previously found. Frequency and entrenchment of gender–noun pairings partially explain inter-speaker and inter-stimulus variation and consistency, providing a plausible pathway from code-switches to borrowings. Limitations: An unavoidable limitation is the sample size, reflecting the small speaker population. We strongly advocate for similar research in other language pairs in the Caucasus where gender systems feature prominently.

show abstract

A different kind of gender problem: Maltese loan-word gender from a typological perspective

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Spanish diminutive markers -ito/-ita in Mesoamerican languages: a challenge for acceptance of gender distinction

Spanish diminutive markers -ito/-ita in Mesoamerican languages: a challenge for acceptance of gender distinction

II. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues

When semantics and phonology collide: Gender assignment in mixed Tsova-Tush–Georgian nominal constructions

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