The author would also like to thank Professor Owen Guy who whilst not a member of the supervisory team has also contributed to the support and guidance of the author over the course of the project as well as Zimmer & Peaock and KESS2 for project funding.The author would like to thank friends and family including Shirin Naserikarimvand, Peter, Kim and Liam Whelan as well as colleagues at the Centre for Nanohealth.