A direct method for fast three‐dimensional serial reconstruction

Odgaard, Anders; Andersen, Kim Normann; Melsen, F.; Gundersen, Hans Jørgen G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb03038.x

Cited by 159 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Computer-graphics reconstructions of trabecular architecture can be made with either automated serial sectioning (Odgaard et al 1990) or µCT scanning (Feldkamp et al 1989 ;Ru$ egsegger et al 1996) of bone specimens. In both cases a mesh of cubic voxels is obtained (Fig.…”

Section: '  mentioning

confidence: 99%

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

2000

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In the 19th century, several scientists attempted to relate bone trabecular morphology to its mechanical, load-bearing function. It was suggested that bone architecture was an answer to requirements of optimal stress transfer, pairing maximal strength to minimal weight, according to particular mathematical design rules. Using contemporary methods of analysis, stress transfer in bones was studied and compared with anatomical specimens, from which it was hypothesised that trabecular architecture is associated with stress trajectories. Others focused on the biological processes by which trabecular architectures are formed and on the question of how bone could maintain the relationship between external load and architecture in a variable functional environment. Wilhelm Roux introduced the principle of functional adaptation as a selforganising process based in the tissues. Julius Wolff, anatomist and orthopaedic surgeon, entwined these 3 issues in his book The Law of Bone Remodeling (translation), which set the stage for biomechanical research goals in our day. ' Wolff 's Law ' is a question rather than a law, asking for the requirements of structural optimisation. In this article, based on finite element analysis (FEA) results of stress transfer in bones, it is argued that it was the wrong question, putting us on the wrong foot. The maximal strength\minimal weight principle does not provide a rationale for architectural formation or adaptation ; the similarity between trabecular orientation and stress trajectories is circumstantial, not causal. Based on computer simulations of bone remodelling as a regulatory process, governed by mechanical usage and orchestrated by osteocyte mechanosensitivity, it is shown that Roux's paradigm, conversely, is a realistic proposition. Put in a quantitative regulatory context, it can predict both trabecular formation and adaptation. Hence, trabecular architecture is not an answer to Wolff 's question, in the sense of this article's title. There are no mathematical optimisation rules for bone architecture ; there is just a biological regulatory process, producing a structure adapted to mechanical demands by the nature of its characteristics, adequate for evolutionary endurance. It is predicted that computer simulation of this process can help us to unravel its secrets.

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Section: '  mentioning

confidence: 99%

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

2000

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“…Since the images are captured at reproducible photo-positions, the digital images are aligned and can be immediately stacked together and converted to a volume data set. Several methods exist for generating volume data sets on the basis of the episcopic imaging technique [108][109][110][111][112]. Each has its advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: Episcopic Imaging Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is however sufficient for 3D analysis of the expression patterns of multiple, selectively labelled (trans-)genes in small parts of embryos [106,107], or the morphology of cells in the walls of the heart and blood vessels. (not all) [108][109][110][111][112]114] Although the table lists the most promising "in vivo techniques", none of them currently enables the generation of useful volume data of the heart and great blood vessels of unborn mice. Note that each of the listed post mortem techniques has its specific advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: D Confocal Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualisation of the Cardiovascular System of Mouse Embryos and Fetus

Weninger¹,

Geyer²

2009

TOCARIJ

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Abstract:The mouse is the most appropriate biomedical model organism for researching the mechanistic function of genetic factors in normal embryogenesis and in the genesis of cardiovascular malformations. Three-dimensional (3D) visualisation of the developing organs of wild type and genetically modified mouse embryos is essential for such research. This paper aims at discussing imaging methods that permit the generation of digital volume data sets, which fit for the virtual 3D visualisation and 3D analysis of the cardiovascular system of mouse embryos and mouse fetus. To cover the spectrum of imaging methods comprehensively, we will start with a short overview about early 3D-reconstruction techniques. This will be followed by a brief discussion why in vivo imaging techniques, such as ultrasound (US) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) do not fit for constructing volume data sets that permit virtual 3D visualisation of the cardiovascular system of mouse embryos/fetus. We will then briefly introduce techniques, which permit 3D analysis of the cardiovascular system but do not fit for creating digital volume data (corrosion casts, scanning electron microscopy). Finally, we will focus on describing the advantages and disadvantages, the spectrum of application and the limitations of important modern digital volume data generation methods, such as micro-computed tomography ( CT), micro-magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), optical projection tomography (OPT), confocal microscopy, histological section based volume data generation methods, and 3D episcopic imaging methods.

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“…This includes methods such as "fast 3D serial reconstruction" [39], "Epi-3D" [40], "episcopic fluorescence image capturing" [41], "surface imaging microscopy" [42,43], "high resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM)" [44], and serial blockface scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) [45]. The term "surface imaging microscopy" was used twice.…”

Section: Episcopic 3d Imaging Methods -Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"Fast 3D serial reconstruction" [39] is designed and was used for obtaining information on the density of trabeculae in vertebrae [39,[46][47][48]. The bones become bleached and Volume data and 3D models of osseous structures can be generated quickly and in high quality.…”

Section: Episcopic 3d Imaging Methods -Technical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Episcopic 3D Imaging Methods: Tools for Researching Gene Function

2013

Advances in Genome Science: Changing Views on Living Organisms

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This work aims at describing episcopic 3D imaging methods and at discussing how these methods can contribute to researching the genetic mechanisms driving embryogenesis and tissue remodelling, and the genesis of pathologies. Several episcopic 3D imaging methods exist. The most advanced are capable of generating high-resolution volume data (voxel sizes from 0.5x0.5x1 m upwards) of small to large embryos of model organisms and tissue samples. Beside anatomy and tissue architecture, gene expression and gene product patterns can be three dimensionally analyzed in their precise anatomical and histological context with the aid of whole mount in situ hybridization or whole mount immunohistochemical staining techniques. Episcopic 3D imaging techniques were and are employed for analyzing the precise morphological phenotype of experimentally malformed, randomly produced, or genetically engineered embryos of biomedical model organisms. It has been shown that episcopic 3D imaging also fits for describing the spatial distribution of genes and gene products during embryogenesis, and that it can be used for analyzing tissue samples of adult model animals and humans. The latter offers the possibility to use episcopic 3D imaging techniques for researching the causality and treatment of pathologies or for staging cancer. Such applications, however, are not yet routine and currently only preliminary results are available. We conclude that, although episcopic 3D imaging is in its very beginnings, it represents an upcoming methodology, which in short terms will become an indispensable tool for researching the genetic regulation of embryo development as well as the genesis of malformations and diseases.

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A direct method for fast three‐dimensional serial reconstruction

Cited by 159 publications

References 17 publications

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

If bone is the answer, then what is the question?

Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualisation of the Cardiovascular System of Mouse Embryos and Fetus

Episcopic 3D Imaging Methods: Tools for Researching Gene Function

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