A Direct Reading Refractometer

Holmes, J G

doi:10.1088/0950-7671/22/11/308

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Laser interaction with foams has recently been the subject of many scientific experiments. [1][2][3][4][5] Among the several reasons for such interest we recall that, in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion ͑ICF͒, the use of ''foam buffered targets'' may produce an effective smoothing of laser energy deposition, as first proposed in Ref. 2.…”

Section: ͓S1070-664x͑98͒02308-8͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of laser produced shocks in foam–solid targets

et al. 1998

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The influence of foams on laser shocks was studied with ns laser pulses smoothed with phase zone plates and focused onto layered foam–aluminum targets. Foams of 5–200 mg/cm3 density and 60 μm thickness were used. A strong pressure increase was measured with the foam in comparison to focusing the beam directly onto aluminum due to impedance mismatch at the aluminum–foam interface. Below a particular density, the measured pressure decreased as a result of hydrodynamics effects. Results are compared with computer simulations.

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Section: ͓S1070-664x͑98͒02308-8͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of laser produced shocks in foam–solid targets

et al. 1998

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“…The estimated temperature may have an associated error arising from uncertainty in the slope of straight lines as shown in the figure. The linear slope for hot region in the plot indicates that the primary electron distribution is Maxwellian (Holmes 1982).…”

Section: Estimation Of Density and Temperature Of Bi-mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The ultimate or cold electrons are born in pair with ions as a result of ionization. But at relatively high neutral pressure of 10 −4 mbar or above, even primary electrons may behave as Maxwellian electrons (Holmes 1982;Oertl and Skoelv 1984). At sufficiently high neutral pressure, primary electrons may become indistinguishable from plasma electrons (cold) due to inelastic collisions (Chan et al 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron heating in a multi-dipole plasma by electrostatic plugging

Mishra

Phukan

2012

J. Plasma Phys.

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The effect of the electrostatic confinement potential on electron number densities and electron temperatures under bi-Maxwellian approximation for electron distribution function has been studied in an electrostatically plugged multi-dipole argon plasma system. Electrostatic plugging is implemented by biasing the electrically isolated multi-dipole magnetic cage. Experimental results show that the density ratio (N) and temperature ratio (T) of the two electron groups can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the magnetic cage. Out of the two groups of electrons, one group has the cold electrons, which are plasma electrons produced by the ionization process, and the other group has the hot primary electrons.

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“…The first use of a magnetic filter was Ehlers and Leung [4] and Holmes et al [5,6,7] where it was used to enhance the production of H + ions relative to the molecular ions H 2 + and H 3 + . The molecular ions are destroyed by cold electron impact while the lack of fast electrons, blocked by the magnetic filter, prevents ionization and the reforming of new molecular ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ion species model for positive ion sources: II. Analysis of hydrogen isotope effects

Surrey¹,

Holmes²

2015

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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A one dimensional model of the magnetic multipole volume plasma source has been developed for application to intense ion/neutral atom beam injectors. The model uses plasma transport coefficients for particle and energy flow to create a detailed description of the plasma parameters along an axis parallel to that of the extracted beam. In this paper the isotopic modelling of positive hydrogenic ions is considered and compared with experimental data from the neutral beam injectors of the Joint European Torus. The use of the code to gain insights into the processes contributing to the ratios of the ionic species is demonstrated and the conclusion is drawn that 75% of the atomic ion species arises from ionization of dissociated molecules and 25% from dissociation of the molecular ions. However whilst the former process is independent of the filter field, the latter is sensitive to the change in distribution of fast and thermal electrons produced by the magnetic filter field and an optimum combination of field strength and depth exists. Finally the code is used to predict the species ratios for the JET source operating in tritium and hence the neutral beam power injected into the plasma in the JET tritium campaign planned for 2016.

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A Direct Reading Refractometer

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Dynamics of laser produced shocks in foam–solid targets

Dynamics of laser produced shocks in foam–solid targets

Electron heating in a multi-dipole plasma by electrostatic plugging

An ion species model for positive ion sources: II. Analysis of hydrogen isotope effects

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