A direct route towards preparing pH-sensitive graphene nanosheets with anti-cancer activity

Joseph, Dickson; Tyagi, Nisha; Ghimire, Aabhash; Geckeler, Kurt E.

doi:10.1039/c3ra45984e

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…After 1 h of incubation with trypsin at 37 °C, there was precipitation. Therefore, the protein molecule is necessary for aqueous stability of graphene sheets, which is noted by other groups as well . However, the observed half‐life of 10 days in FBS is relevant for biological/cellular studies of graphene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BSA (bovine serum), β‐lactoglobulin (bovine milk), lysozyme (egg white), ovalbumin (egg white), and hemoglobin (bovine blood) were used to prove the hypothesis that proteins are effective tools for biological production of graphene in water. Four of these five proteins exfoliated graphite, but the exfoliation efficiency strongly depended on protein charge, with BSA giving the highest efficiency ( Figure , and Figure S2, Supporting Information). Graphene production is directly correlated with the extent of negative charge of the protein used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrasonication was used to exfoliate graphene with biological agents such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) . These proteins are suggested to adsorb to graphite platelets and facilitate delamination upon ultrasonication . The adsorbed protein might inhibit restacking of the graphene sheets and could contribute to nanoplate stability .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kitchen Chemistry 101: Multigram Production of High Quality Biographene in a Blender with Edible Proteins

Pattammattel

Kumar

2015

Adv Funct Materials

134

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A facile method for producing unoxidized, pristine graphene under biologically benign conditions is essential for widespread biomedical applications of graphene. Rate of exfoliation, scalability, high quality, controlled functionalization, size and large fl ake size are highly desired. Rapid production of biofunctionalized, micrometer size, and defect free, few layer graphene (FLG) is reported here. Further, we have systematically examined Kitchen Chemistry 101: Multigram Production of High Quality Biographene in a Blender with Edible ProteinsAjith Pattammattel and Challa Vijaya Kumar * A high yielding aqueous phase exfoliation of graphite to high quality graphene using edible proteins and kitchen chemistry is reported here. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, lysozyme, and hemoglobin are used to exfoliate graphite and the exfoliation effi ciency depended on the sign and magnitude of the protein charge. BSA showed maximum exfoliation rate, facilitated graphite exfoliation in water, at room temperature, by turbulence/ shear force generated in a kitchen blender at exfoliation effi ciencies exceeding 4 mg mL −1 h −1. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicated 3-5 layer, defect-free graphene of 0.5 µm size. Graphene dispersions loaded on a cellulose paper (650 µg cm −2 ) showed the fi lm conductivity of 32 000 S m −1 , which is much higher than graphene/polymer composites. Our method yielded ≈7 mg mL −1 , BSA-coated graphene with controllable surface charge, which is stable under wide ranges of pH (3.0-11) and temperature (5.0-50 °C), and in fetal bovine serum, for more than two months.These fi ndings may lead to the large scale production of graphene for biological applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kitchen Chemistry 101: Multigram Production of High Quality Biographene in a Blender with Edible Proteins

Pattammattel

Kumar

2015

Adv Funct Materials

134

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“…However, toxic materials are used for the oxidization step, which is forming defects in the graphene sheet structure, thus limiting the application spectrum [19]. In our previous studies, graphene sheets have been exfoliated using ultrasonication in aqueous media containing different types of proteins [20] and DNA [21]. Polymer nanoparticles with spherical shape are interesting for various applications due to their excellent properties [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer nanoparticles as a tool for the exfoliation of graphene sheets

2015

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“…Different nanomaterials have been identified to undergo interactions with biomolecules both on the surface and inside the cells, perhaps leading to a paradigm shift in cancer diagnosis and treatment . Recently, graphene sheets have been exfoliated from natural graphite in our research group through ultrasonication of graphite with nanoparticles, proteins, DNA, and organic phosphates . The outstanding properties of polymer nanoparticles attracted them in various applications, so their facile and cost‐effective synthesis is strongly beneficial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliated Graphene Sheets: Polymer Nanoparticles as a Tool and Their Anti‐Proliferative Activity

et al. 2019

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A facile one‐pot and environment‐friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of graphene sheets. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) nanoparticles with a size range of 23–57 nm are used for the exfoliation process of graphene sheets in conjunction with ultrasonication. The polymer nanoparticle size played a significant role in the exfoliation yield of the graphene sheets. The small nanoparticle size of 23 nm was found to be the most effective size for the exfoliation. Thus, high quality individualized graphene sheets were obtained and the sheet thickness was found to be 4 nm. The polymer nanoparticles contributed to stable graphene dispersions through wrapping on the surface of the sheets. The graphene sheets have been characterized by using Raman and UV‐Vis spectroscopy and their morphology visualized by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the as‐prepared graphene sheets were investigated as a potential cytotoxic drug and their anti‐proliferative activity was studied in vitro by the MMT assay. The results showed a remarkable lethality rate of 87% for human colon cancer cells (HCT‐116) and biocompatibility to normal mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH‐3T3 cells.

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A direct route towards preparing pH-sensitive graphene nanosheets with anti-cancer activity

Cited by 32 publications

References 56 publications

Kitchen Chemistry 101: Multigram Production of High Quality Biographene in a Blender with Edible Proteins

Kitchen Chemistry 101: Multigram Production of High Quality Biographene in a Blender with Edible Proteins

Polymer nanoparticles as a tool for the exfoliation of graphene sheets

Exfoliated Graphene Sheets: Polymer Nanoparticles as a Tool and Their Anti‐Proliferative Activity

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