A Discrete-Time Direct Torque Control for Direct-Drive PMSG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Design and Implementation of Predictive Controllers on the Rectifier and Quasi Impedancesource Inverter in a Wind Energy Conversion System Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

“…In relations (20) and (21), symbol of 'Er' represents the error between the reference values and the predicted values. Also, symbol of '*' represents the reference value.…”

Rotor Speed Control of a Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Turbine Using Phase-Lag Compensators to Optimize Wind Power Extraction

“…The increasing energy demand across the globe has led to an enormous interest in the cost-competitive, environmental friendly, and reliable renewable energy (RE) technologies to complement the conventional methods of generating electricity [1,2]. Wind energy has recently been proven to be technologically mature and fast-growing among all other RE sources due to the growth in the size of commercial wind turbine (WT) designs and the increase in the installed capacity worldwide [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Although the DFIGs are well developed and have previously been widely applied in WECS due to their ability to achieve variable speed control with the reduced cost of converter requirements, the use of slip rings and the protection issues in the event of grid faults are the major drawbacks [8]. As a result, the PMSGbased WECSs have gained more popularity and preference over DFIG-based WECSs owing to their advantages such as high energy density, simple control methodology, high reliability, low maintenance cost, and the self-excitation system [1,13,14]. Moreover, direct-driven multipole PMSGs have been adopted to exclude the gearbox, which improves the efficiency of the WT and cuts down the weight of the nacelle Figure 1: The direct-driven PMSG-based WECS [1].…”

“…As a result, the PMSGbased WECSs have gained more popularity and preference over DFIG-based WECSs owing to their advantages such as high energy density, simple control methodology, high reliability, low maintenance cost, and the self-excitation system [1,13,14]. Moreover, direct-driven multipole PMSGs have been adopted to exclude the gearbox, which improves the efficiency of the WT and cuts down the weight of the nacelle Figure 1: The direct-driven PMSG-based WECS [1]. and the operation and maintenance cost of the WT system [3,13,15].…”

“…The ability of a variable speed WT to extract optimal power at a wide range of wind speeds makes it possible to be operated in the MPPT mode [1,12]. Over the past years, various MPPT techniques have been developed, namely, optimal relationship-based (ORB) control, tip speed ratio (TSR) control, optimal torque control (OTC), and Perturb and Observe (P&O)/Hill-Climb Search (HCS) control.…”