A Discussion of Turbulent Flame Structure in Premixed Charges

Characterisation of flame development with ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline and methane in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine

“…In the Abraham diagram [69] shown in Fig. 21, while three regions labelled A, B and C were highlighted to refer to calculations using different initial conditions, it is important to bear in mind that such fundamental analysis can only be made on an order of magnitude basis so that transitions between different regions in the diagrams should not be taken to indicate step changes in combustion characteristics.…”

“…Symbols refer to different fuels according to symbols key used everywhere in this paper. [69]: Zone A at atmospheric conditions; Zone B at engine ignition timing; Zone C at ignition timing with reduced laminar burning velocity values due to residuals or lean mixtures. Symbols refer to different fuels according to symbols key used everywhere in this paper.…”

Measurements of Turbulent Flame Speed and Integral Length Scales in a Lean Stationary Premixed Flame

“…Rectangle identifies combustion regimes of engine operating conditions. Adopted from Abraham et al [7]. Rings denote estimated values of experiments in this investigation.…”

Insights into Stoichiometric and Lean Combustion Phenomena of Gasoline–Butanol, Gasoline–Ethanol, Iso-Octane–Butanol, and Iso-Octane–Ethanol Blends in an Optical Spark-Ignition Engine

“…When carrying the =1.0 tabular values over into the Abraham plot in Figure 29, showing Da vs. Re L , it can be seen that the three single component fuels, for both cases of turbulence intensities (circles correspond to u=1.5 m/s, crosses to u=3 m/s), rest in the yellow region which was drawn in the original paper by Abraham et al (1985) to indicate a typical region associated with internal combustion engines. The Reynolds number of all fuels is similar, but the effect of the different u becomes obvious, with the 3 m/s value having higher Re L but lower Da.…”