A Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Lead Ion Detection Based on In Situ Polymerization of Conductive Polypyrrole Coating

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…Apart from different types of real water samples, few studies reported on polymer-modified electrodes for heavy metal determination in food and beverages 100,185,242 and body fluid samples. 106,185,209 In situ electrochemical and oxidative polymerization, 38,80,174,176,211,214,219 as well as co-precipitation polymerization, 26,100,215 are among the methods used to prepare the nanocomposites. Suspensions of these nanocomposites in different solvents (including ethanol, isopropanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and water) were dropcast on the surface of the electrodes.…”

“…Although the vast majority of the studies reported on the combined use of polymers and other materials and/or molecules to modify the electrodes, 22,23,26,29,32,35,37,38,41,45,61,69,71–73,77,80,84,87,89,91,92,94,96–102,106,122–124,131,141–144,175,176,182–184,186,187,197,200–221 there is also a significant number of studies on polymers as sole modifiers. 174,185,222–232 These exceptions include, among others, the pure polymer film-modified electrodes discussed in section 4.…”

“…Biopolymers (mainly chitosan and different forms of cellulose) 35,37,61,69,71–73,87,89,92,123,124,175,186,187,197,200–205 (further discussed in section 7) and Nafion (a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer) 24,62,108,113,149,154,155,179,200,233–241 are by far most frequently used as polymeric components of the nanocomposites. Moreover, other conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), 23,38,99,102,122,144,183,206–209,220 PPy, 32,77,80,96,101,210–212,214,216 and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives, 58,174,217 as well as PDA, 98,182 have also been part of the nanocomposites used to modify electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. In addition, nanocomposites comprised of ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) 29,41,84,87,100,187,214,219 as well as ion imprinted NPs 206,215 have also been reported as modifiers.…”

“…In situ electrochemical and oxidative polymerization, 38,80,174,176,211,214,219 as well as co-precipitation polymerization, 26,100,215 are among the methods used to prepare the nanocomposites. Suspensions of these nanocomposites in different solvents (including ethanol, isopropanol, N , N -dimethylformamide, and water) were dropcast on the surface of the electrodes.…”

A novel sensitive disposable screen-printed electrochemical aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles decorated multilayer Nb4C3Tx for cadmium ion detection

“…With the increasing of industrial and agricultural activities by human, heavy metal pollutions have become a global environment problem owing to its undegradability and toxicity [1,2]. Cadmium ion (Cd 2+ ), as one of the most poisonous metallic pollutants, can lead to severe health issues like organ damages, nervous system injuries and cancer risks, and it also can accumulate into human body by the food chain [3,4].…”