A disproof of the law of effect and a substitution of the laws of emphasis, motivation and disruption.

Understanding Mobile Payment Service Continuous Use Intention: An Expectation - Confirmation Model and Inertia

“…The expectation was initially introduced in 1932 by Tolman, and defined as "consumers' belief which is expecting attribute about product and service" (Tolman, Hall and Bretnall, 1932). Subsequently, Oliver adopted the concept of expectation in the marketing field.…”

Menumbuhkan Keterlibatan Positif dalam Bekerja: Melalui Iklim Kompetisi ataukah Pengembangan Kompetensi?

“…Konsep mengenai motivasi sudah sangat banyak dibahas sejak dahulu, dimulai dari munculnya beragam teori motivasi dasar yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli dan masih dijadikan rujukan hingga saat ini (Hull, 1943;Lewin, 1958;Maslow, Frager, & Fadliman, 1970;Tolman, Hall, & Bretnall, 1932). Lalu konsep-konsep ini berkembang kembali berdasarkan pendekatan sosial kognitif (Bandura & Cervone, 1986;Nicholls, 1984) dalam acheievement goal theory.…”

Perception, Motivation, and Behavior1

“…Once having found this relationship, we were soon confronted with the question of what it IS about value as measured by that test which produces dispositions which lead to selective perceptual respcmses Is it the fact that words in the high value areas are used more often and thus have greater familiarity than words in the low value areas? Or is it that value relevance serves as an emphasizer in Tolman's sense (40) and thus serves to produce strong expectations or hypotheses (27) ? To the extent that the prcxress variables have remained unidentified, the constructs used in the interpretation of the data are apt to be on shaky operational ground and have an unwarranted amount of surplus meaning It is now clear, for example, that concepts like "perceptual defense" and "perceptual vigilance" were inadequately defined and implied too much precisely because they were not anchored m specifiable manipulations of the organism If such concepts are to have explanatory value, they must be translated into manipulable variables Once this has been done, what were believed to be special mechanisms may turn out to be special cases of more general determinants (12,31) I still believe that the correlation of recognition thresholds with such descnptive properties as values, interests, attitudes, etc , are most useful sources of hypotheses about prcKess vanables, but the final demonstration of the effective determinants of perceptual selectivity requires their explicit experimental manipulation Such at least appears to be the case if we wish to integrate the studies of motivated perception into general behavior theory A quotation from Graham sums up the situation admirably Commenting on the problem of motivational influences on discrimination, he writes "While it may be true that specification of the organism's state as pain, set, need, anxiety, j'oy, etc, may, at the conversational level, establish the existence of a problem, we hope to develop behavior theory to a point where these unknown conditions may be described in such form that their quantitative influences on behavior will be predictable One of our first duties is probably to see that definitions of the various 'conditions' are anchored to definable antecedents and consequents" (9, p 67) Let us turn next to the analysis of response characteristics in the recognition experiment The class of responses which we record are the verbal statements of the suhject in response to the question "What do you see-*" It is clear that the subj'ect enters the experimental situation with a repertory of verbal responses which differ in strength so that some responses are intrinsically more probable than others Solomon and Howes (13,35) have given us a careful experimental analysis of the relation between verbal response probabilities and recognition thresholds Since the criterion of recognition IS a specific verbal response, the greater the probability of this verbal response (in terms of the subject's linguistic habits) the more speedily is the correct recognition likely to take place Empirically, this results in a high positive correlation between the frequency of word usage and recognition thresholds Solomon and Howes conclude, "Any variable that is a general property of linguistic responses must also be a property of any perceptual concept that is based upon these responses" (35, p 257) The argument could, of course, be extended to motor responses or autonomic responses as well This relationship between response characteristics and measures of recognition suggests two conclusions 1 In experiments concerned with the determmants of perceptual selectivity, the contri...…”